印度尼西亚政府正提议制定新的著作权法律规定,未来企业在使用受著作权保护的作品开展商业性人工智能(Artificial Intelligence,简称 AI)模型训练前,可能需要事先取得相应的授权许可。相关提案还涉及训练数据集的透明度要求,以及人工智能生成内容的著作权保护问题。 2026年10月27日,印度尼西亚知识产权总局(Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual,简称 DJKI)总局长 Hermansyah Siregar 在《著作权法》修订草案的立法审议过程中,介绍了政府提交的《问题清单》(Daftar Inventarisasi Masalah,简称 DIM)及相关修法建议。 上述拟议规定旨在推动技术创新的同时,兼顾创作者及著作权人的合法权益,实现人工智能技术发展与著作权保护之间的合理平衡。 对于著作权人而言,拟议的新规也可能为其作品授权用于商业性人工智能开发创造新的商业机会。 此外,印度尼西亚哈桑努丁大学(Universitas Hasanuddin)也单独提出建议,主张商业性人工智能训练应取得权利人许可并支付相应报酬,同时建立训练数据透明度机制,以及允许创作者拒绝其作品被用于相关训练的制度。 上述建议目前同样属于立法讨论内容,尚未成为具有法律约束力的正式规定。 印度尼西亚拟议的《著作权法》修订,反映出人工智能技术创新与知识产权保护之间的法律关系正受到越来越多的关注。 如果相关提案最终获得通过,新的著作权许可及训练数据透明度要求,可能对企业开发人工智能模型以及管理、使用受著作权保护作品的方式产生重要影响。 需要特别强调的是,上述内容目前仍属于立法提案,尚未正式生效,也不具有现行法律的约束力。 企业在关注新法修订进展的同时,仍应遵守印度尼西亚现行《著作权法》的相关规定,并根据自身业务情况提前评估潜在的知识产权合规风险。 如您希望进一步了解印度尼西亚著作权保护、授权许可协议、知识产权尽职调查,或涉及人工智能技术开发及商业应用的知识产权法律问题,欢迎通过以下方式联系我们,并预约免费的15分钟初步咨询: 📩 电子邮件:[email protected]📳 电话预约:+62 21 83793812💬 WeChat:@AFFAIPR 资料来源: 印度尼西亚知识产权总局(Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual,简称 DJKI) 关于 AFFA: AFFA 知识产权事务所成立于1999年,是一家总部位于印度尼西亚的精品知识产权律师事务所,专注为国际品牌与创新者提供全方位服务,包括申请注册、许可授权、执法维权及商业化支持,助力客户在印尼不断发展的知识产权环境中稳健发展。 本所因卓越表现广受认可,荣获 Asia Business Law Journal 颁发的“2025年度印度尼西亚最佳精品律师事务所”及“知识产权执法事务所”称号,并入选 WTR 1000 “2024年度推荐事务所(印度尼西亚)”。
AI Training and Copyright in Indonesia: What the Proposed Rules Could Mean for Businesses
Indonesia is proposing new Copyright rules that could require businesses to obtain licenses before using copyrighted works for commercial Artificial Intelligence (AI) training. The proposals also address transparency in training datasets and Copyright protection for AI-generated content. On October 27, 2026, Indonesia’s Director General of Intellectual Property, Hermansyah Siregar, presented the government’s proposals in the Daftar Inventarisasi Masalah (DIM), or List of Issues, during discussions on the Draft Copyright Law. The proposed provisions aim to balance technological innovation with the rights of creators and Copyright Holders. For Copyright Owners, the proposed framework could also create additional opportunities to license their works for commercial AI development. Universitas Hasanuddin has separately proposed that commercial AI training should require permission and remuneration, alongside data transparency and a mechanism allowing creators to refuse the use of their works. Indonesia’s proposed Copyright Law amendments represent an important development in the relationship between AI innovation and intellectual property protection. If enacted, the proposed licensing and transparency requirements could affect how businesses develop AI models and manage copyrighted materials. However, these provisions remain legislative proposals and are not yet legally binding. Businesses should continue complying with Indonesia’s existing Copyright Law while monitoring the progress of the proposed amendments. Should you need more information about Copyright protection, licensing agreements, IP due diligence, or intellectual property matters related to AI-driven business activities in Indonesia, contact us through any of the following channels and get a FREE 15-minute consultation: 📩 E-Mail : [email protected]📳 Book a Call : +62 21 83793812💬 WhatsApp : +62 812 87000 889 Source: Directorate General Intellectual Property About AFFA: Established in 1999, AFFA Intellectual Property Rights is an Indonesia-based boutique IP law firm serving international brands and innovators, offering full-service support—from prosecution and licensing to enforcement and commercialization—in Indonesia’s dynamic IP landscape. Our firm is widely recognized for its excellence, with accolades including “Best Boutique Law Firm in Indonesia” and “IP Enforcement Firm” at the Indonesia Law Firm Awards 2025 by Asia Business Law Journal, as well as being listed as a “Recommended Firm 2024 — Indonesia” by WTR 1000: The World’s Leading Trademark Professionals.
在印度尼西亚起诉外国企业涉及知识产权纠纷?了解通过司法协助机制进行跨境司法文书送达的相关程序
如果一家印度尼西亚企业拟因涉嫌商标、专利或著作权侵权而起诉外国企业,但被告位于印度尼西亚境外,该如何处理?印度尼西亚法院是否可以直接向外国企业所在国家寄送法院传票? 事实上,此类案件必须遵循特定的法律程序,其中可能涉及通常所称的司法协助请求(Rogatory)机制。 在知识产权(Intellectual Property,简称 IP)纠纷中,涉及外国当事人的情况并不少见。外国企业可能是在印度尼西亚享有合法商标权或专利权的权利人,其知识产权在当地涉嫌受到侵害。反之,外国企业也可能因涉嫌侵犯受印度尼西亚法律保护的知识产权而成为被告。 当被告位于印度尼西亚境外时,法院必须确保传票按照适用的诉讼程序合法、有效地送达。 在特定情况下,这可能需要通过印度尼西亚共和国最高法院(Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia)与外交部(Kementerian Luar Negeri)之间的合作机制寻求跨境司法协助。 了解这些程序至关重要,因为它们直接关系到诉讼进程、当事人的答辩权以及诉讼程序的合法有效性。 什么是司法协助请求(Rogatory)? 一般而言,司法协助请求(Rogatory)是指一国法院向另一国有权机关提出的正式请求,要求其协助实施与司法程序有关的特定行为。 在跨境民事诉讼中,此类司法协助可能包括调查取证、询问证人或专家证人,以及实施其他司法行为。 然而,在印度尼西亚司法实践中,需要明确区分以下两种机制: 因此,当一家外国企业在印度尼西亚知识产权纠纷中被列为被告,且其住所地位于境外时,法院必须确定适用的跨境司法文书送达程序。 需要特别注意的是,从更为严格的法律概念来看,向外国被告送达法院传票并不必然属于司法协助请求(Rogatory)的范畴,也可能通过专门的司法文书送达协助机制完成。 向境外当事人送达法院传票有哪些法律依据? 根据印度尼西亚民事诉讼法的基本原则,所有诉讼当事人原则上均应获得知悉与自身有关的诉讼程序,并对相关诉讼请求作出回应的机会。 这一要求体现了 audi et alteram partem 原则,即诉讼双方均应享有陈述意见及获得法院听取的机会。 相关法律依据及规范性文件包括: 因此,不能对所有外国被告采取完全相同的送达方式。法院必须综合考虑被告的住所地址、电子送达地址,以及具体案件和目的地国家适用的程序要求。 如何向位于境外的被告送达法院传票? 如果需要通过跨境司法协助机制送达司法文书,相关程序通常包括以下几个阶段。 所有外国被告都必须通过司法协助请求(Rogatory)机制接受传唤吗? 并非如此。被告位于境外,并不意味着所有法院传票都必须通过实体文书的跨境司法协助机制进行送达。 根据印度尼西亚最高法院2022年第7号条例第17条第3款,对于居住在境外且电子送达地址已知的当事人,应在适用的电子案件管理及电子诉讼规则框架内,通过电子方式送达相关传票或通知。 反之,如果电子送达地址未知或无法核实,则必须依照适用的程序完成送达。此外,还需要区分具有明确境外地址的被告,以及实际住所或下落确实不明的被告。因此,被告具有外国国籍,并不当然意味着必须适用Rogatory机制。 决定适用何种送达程序的关键因素包括被告的所在地或住所地、可取得的地址信息,以及适用的民事诉讼程序规定。 为什么这一程序对知识产权纠纷尤为重要? 知识产权纠纷经常涉及跨境商业合作关系。因此,向外国被告送达司法文书可能成为需要在诉讼初期重点评估的程序性问题。 以下几种情形可以说明其重要性。 如果法院传票未依法有效送达,会产生哪些法律风险? 法院传票送达并非单纯的行政手续。有效送达是保障诉讼当事人程序性权利的重要环节。 如果送达程序存在缺陷,可能产生以下后果: 如果外国被告经合法传唤后仍未出庭,会发生什么? 根据印度尼西亚民事诉讼法,《修订本土诉讼条例》(HIR)第125条原则上允许法院在满足法定条件的情况下,对未出庭的被告作出缺席判决(Verstek)。然而,被告未出庭并不意味着法院会自动支持原告的诉讼请求。法官仍须审查传票是否已依法有效送达,以及原告提出的诉讼请求是否具有充分的法律依据。 向境外被告送达法院传票通常需要多长时间? 跨境司法文书送达并不存在适用于所有案件的统一办理期限。实际所需时间可能受到多个因素影响,包括目的地国家、申请文件的完整性、文件翻译要求、送达方式,以及相关主管机关的处理和反馈情况。 因此,原告不应假设向外国企业送达司法文书所需的时间,会与向印度尼西亚境内企业送达一样短。在涉及外国当事人的知识产权诉讼中,制定诉讼策略时必须充分考虑跨境司法文书送达可能需要的额外时间。 当案件涉及紧迫的商业利益时,这一点尤为重要,例如涉嫌侵权行为仍在持续、争议产品仍在市场流通,或权利人的商业损失可能不断扩大。 起诉外国企业之前,应做好哪些准备? 在印度尼西亚对境外当事人提起知识产权诉讼之前,建议重点审查以下事项: 在诉讼启动前做好充分准备,有助于降低行政及程序性障碍,避免不必要的诉讼延误。 如果您在印度尼西亚面临知识产权纠纷,或需要针对涉及外国企业及其他境外主体的案件寻求法律支持,AFFA知识产权法律服务团队可根据印度尼西亚现行法律法规,协助您制定有效的知识产权保护及维权策略。 欢迎通过以下渠道联系我们,预约15分钟免费咨询! 📩 电子邮件:[email protected]📳 电话预约:+62 21 83793812💬 WeChat:@AFFAIPR 关于 AFFA: AFFA 知识产权事务所成立于1999年,是一家总部位于印度尼西亚的精品知识产权律师事务所,专注为国际品牌与创新者提供全方位服务,包括申请注册、许可授权、执法维权及商业化支持,助力客户在印尼不断发展的知识产权环境中稳健发展。本所因卓越表现广受认可,荣获 Asia Business Law Journal 颁发的“2025年度印度尼西亚最佳精品律师事务所”及“知识产权执法事务所”称号,并入选 WTR 1000 “2024年度推荐事务所(印度尼西亚)”。
Suing a Foreign Party in an IP Dispute in Indonesia? Understanding Cross-Border Service of Court Documents Through Rogatory
What happens when an Indonesian company intends to sue a foreign company for alleged Trademark, Patent, or copyright infringement, but the defendant is based overseas? Can an Indonesian court simply send a court summons directly to the country where the company is located? In fact, specific procedures must be followed, including a mechanism commonly associated with rogatory. In Intellectual Property (IP) disputes, the involvement of foreign parties is not uncommon. A foreign company may own a Trademark or hold a Patent that has allegedly been infringed in Indonesia. Conversely, a foreign company may itself become a defendant in a lawsuit involving alleged infringement of IP rights protected under Indonesian law. The challenge arises when the defendant is located outside Indonesia. In such circumstances, the court must ensure that the summons is properly and lawfully served in accordance with the applicable procedural rules. In certain cases, this requires cross-border judicial assistance through a cooperation mechanism involving the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Understanding these procedures is essential, as they directly affect the progress of litigation, the parties’ right to defend themselves, and the procedural validity of court proceedings. What is Rogatory? Generally, rogatory is a formal request for judicial assistance issued by a court in one country to the competent authorities in another country to perform specific acts in connection with legal proceedings. In cross-border civil litigation, such assistance may include obtaining evidence, examining witnesses or expert witnesses, or performing other judicial acts. However, Indonesian judicial practice makes an important distinction between two mechanisms: Accordingly, when a foreign company is named as a defendant in an IP dispute in Indonesia and is located overseas, the court must determine the appropriate procedure for cross-border service of documents. Importantly, from a more precise legal perspective, serving a court summons on a foreign defendant does not necessarily constitute a request through rogatory. It may instead involve a request for assistance in the service of judicial documents. What Is the Legal Basis for Serving Court Summonses on Parties Located Overseas? Under Indonesian civil procedural law, every party involved in litigation must, in principle, be given an opportunity to be informed of and respond to the proceedings against them. This requirement reflects the principle of audi et alteram partem, which provides that both parties must be allowed to be heard. Several relevant legal provisions and instruments include: Under these provisions, foreign defendants cannot all be treated in the same manner when it comes to service of process. Courts must consider the defendant’s address, electronic domicile, and the procedures applicable to the particular case and destination country. How Are Court Summonses Served on Defendants Located Overseas? Where cross-border judicial assistance is required to serve court documents, the process generally involves several stages. Must All Foreign Defendants Be Summoned Through Rogatory? Not necessarily. A defendant’s overseas location does not automatically mean every summons must be served through a physical cross-border judicial assistance mechanism. Under Article 17(3) of PERMA No. 7 of 2022, where a party residing overseas has a known electronic domicile, summonses or notifications must be served electronically within the framework of the applicable electronic case administration and court proceedings regulations. Conversely, where the electronic domicile is unknown or cannot be verified, service must be carried out in accordance with the applicable procedures. A distinction must also be made between defendants with identifiable overseas addresses and those whose whereabouts are genuinely unknown. Therefore, foreign nationality alone does not determine whether the rogatory mechanism applies. The relevant considerations include the defendant’s location or domicile, available address information, and the applicable procedural rules. Why Does This Procedure Matter in Intellectual Property Disputes? IP disputes frequently arise from cross-border business relationships. As a result, serving court documents on foreign defendants can become a significant procedural issue that should be addressed at the outset of litigation. Several situations illustrate its importance. What Are the Risks of Improper Service of Process? Serving a court summons is more than an administrative formality. Valid service is an essential procedural safeguard that protects the rights of the parties throughout litigation. Errors in the service process may result in several consequences: What Happens if a Foreign Defendant Fails to Appear Despite Being Properly Summoned? Under Indonesian civil procedural law, Article 125 of the HIR generally allows a court to issue a default judgment (verstek) in the defendant’s absence, provided that the applicable legal requirements are satisfied. However, a defendant’s failure to appear does not automatically mean that the plaintiff’s claims will be granted. The judge must still assess whether the summons was lawfully served and whether the claims have sufficient legal grounds. How Long Does It Take to Serve Court Summonses Overseas? There is no single timeline applicable to all cross-border service procedures. The duration may depend on several factors, including the destination country, completeness of the documents, translation requirements, delivery methods, and responsiveness of the authorities involved. Plaintiffs should therefore not assume that serving a foreign company will take as little time as serving a company domiciled in Indonesia. In IP disputes involving foreign parties, litigation planning must account for the additional time potentially required to complete cross-border service of process. This becomes particularly important when urgent commercial interests are at stake, such as ongoing alleged infringement, continued distribution of disputed products, or potentially escalating financial losses. What Should You Prepare Before Suing a Foreign Company? Before initiating IP litigation against a party located overseas, several important matters should be carefully considered. Early preparation can help minimize administrative and procedural obstacles that might otherwise disrupt the progress of litigation. If you require legal assistance with an Intellectual Property dispute in Indonesia, including cases involving foreign companies or individuals, AFFA is ready to assist you in developing effective IP protection and enforcement strategies in accordance with applicable Indonesian law. Contact us through any of the following channels and get a FREE 15-minute consultation: 📩 E-Mail : [email protected]📳 Book a Call : +62 21 83793812💬 WhatsApp : +62
AFFA Successfully Represented DR.WU in a Bad-Faith Trademark Invalidation Action in Indonesia
The Central Jakarta Commercial Court has invalidated the DR.WU Trademark registration held by an Indonesian company after finding that the mark was identical in its entirety to the original DR.WU Trademark and had been registered in bad faith. The ruling came despite the Indonesian company filing its Trademark application before the legitimate Trademark owner from Taiwan. How did the dispute unfold, and why did the Court ultimately rule in favor of the Taiwanese company? In Decision No. 24/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Merek/2026/PN Niaga Jkt Pst, dated September 8, 2026, the Commercial Court at the Central Jakarta District Court granted all claims brought by DR. WU Skincare Co., Ltd., a Taiwan-based company, against PT Adhi Bintang Sempurna over the registration of the DR.WU Trademark in Indonesia. In this case, the Court reaffirmed that an earlier Trademark filing in Indonesia does not automatically override another party’s legitimate rights, particularly where evidence shows the registration was made in bad faith. How the Dispute Began: Two Companies, One Trademark: DR.WU DR.WU is a skincare brand developed by Taiwan-based DR. WU Skincare Co., Ltd., established in 2003 by dermatologist Dr. Yin-Chin Wu and his son, Wu, I-JU (Eric Wu). The company has held Trademark registrations for DR.WU in Taiwan since 2005, including for products in Class 3. Over the years, the DR.WU Trademark has also secured protection in various jurisdictions, including Singapore, Hong Kong, the United States, Australia, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia. However, complications arose when the company sought to extend its Trademark protection to Indonesia. It emerged that PT Adhi Bintang Sempurna had already filed an application to register the DR.WU Trademark in Indonesia on October 22, 2018, covering cosmetics and skincare products in the same class (Class 3). The application subsequently proceeded to registration on May 20, 2020, under Registration No. IDM000754032. Meanwhile, DR. WU Skincare Co., Ltd. held an Indonesian Trademark registration for DR.WU with a filing date of February 21, 2019, which was eventually registered on February 19, 2026, under Registration No. IDM001429929, covering Classes 3 and 5. Therefore, when comparing the Indonesian filing dates alone, PT Adhi Bintang Sempurna had indeed filed its application first. However, this was not the sole determining factor in establishing which party was legally entitled to the DR.WU Trademark in Indonesia. Why Did DR.WU Taiwan File a Lawsuit? On March 12, 2026, DR. WU Skincare Co., Ltd. appointed AFFA Intellectual Property Rights as its legal counsel to file a Trademark invalidation lawsuit challenging the DR.WU registration held by PT Adhi Bintang Sempurna. The Directorate of Trademarks and Geographical Indications under the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP) was also named as a Co-Defendant for the purpose of implementing the Court’s decision. The lawsuit was primarily based on two legal grounds: One of the key grounds supporting this argument was DR.WU’s international Trademark registration history, which substantially predated the Defendant’s Indonesian Trademark application. The Plaintiff maintained that the identical Trademark and its use for similar goods were not coincidental but indicated an attempt to capitalize on the identity and reputation of a Trademark established by another party. This argument relied on Article 21(3) of the Trademark and Geographical Indications Law, which provides for the refusal of Trademark applications filed by applicants acting in bad faith. DGIP’s Objection: The Lawsuit Was Allegedly Time-Barred One of the most significant aspects of this case arose from the response submitted by DGIP in its capacity as Co-Defendant. During the proceedings, PT Adhi Bintang Sempurna failed to appear before the Court despite having been duly and properly summoned. DGIP, meanwhile, submitted its response and documentary evidence in support of its arguments concerning the disputed Trademark registration. DGIP raised an objection that the Trademark invalidation lawsuit had been filed beyond the statutory time limit. According to DGIP, PT Adhi Bintang Sempurna’s Trademark had been registered since May 20, 2020, whereas the lawsuit was not filed until March 12, 2026. In other words, the lawsuit was initiated almost six years after the Trademark registration date. DGIP relied on Article 77(1) of the Trademark and Geographical Indications Law, which establishes a five-year limitation period for filing a Trademark invalidation lawsuit, calculated from the registration date. DGIP also argued that the Defendant’s Trademark had undergone formalities examination, publication, and substantive examination before the registration certificate was issued. According to DGIP, the examination process had already addressed both Trademark similarity and the applicant’s good faith. DGIP further stated that no opposition had been filed during the publication period. On these grounds, DGIP requested that the lawsuit be declared inadmissible or dismissed. This raised a critical legal question: can a Trademark registration that has existed for more than five years still be invalidated? The Court’s Reasoning: Bad Faith Allows Trademark Invalidation Without a Time Limit The Panel of Judges rejected the objection based on the statutory limitation period. The Court relied on Article 77(2) of the Trademark and Geographical Indications Law, which allows Trademark invalidation lawsuits to be filed without any time limitation where bad faith and/or certain other grounds specified under the law are involved. The Panel noted that the Plaintiff had expressly alleged bad faith in the Defendant’s registration of the DR.WU Trademark and had requested a judicial declaration to that effect. Accordingly, the lawsuit could not simply be considered time-barred merely because the disputed Trademark had been registered for more than five years. This reasoning is particularly significant because it demonstrates that the five-year statutory limitation period does not provide absolute protection for every Trademark registration. However, it is important to emphasize that this exception must be supported by a relevant legal basis. Allegations of bad faith must still be substantiated through evidence during the Court’s examination of the merits of the case. How Did DR.WU Taiwan Establish Its Rights? During the proceedings, the Plaintiff submitted 32 pieces of documentary evidence, while the Co-Defendant submitted only two. Neither party presented witnesses or expert testimony. The Plaintiff’s evidence included Trademark registration certificates from various jurisdictions, Indonesian Trademark registration documents, and evidence demonstrating the use and promotion of
印度尼西亚拟自2026年10月1日起将商标及工业设计注册周期缩短至4个月
印度尼西亚知识产权总局(Directorate General of Intellectual Property,简称“DGIP”)近日宣布,将进一步加快知识产权注册服务流程。自2026年10月1日起,对自该日起提交的商标及工业设计申请,DGIP将以最长4个月内完成注册程序为服务目标。 该举措是DGIP持续提升印度尼西亚知识产权制度运行效率的重要组成部分,旨在使知识产权注册流程更加高效、可预期,并更好地回应企业及创新主体的实际需求。根据DGIP的说明,本次提速旨在提升案件处理效率,同时不降低审查质量。 与以往的处理周期相比,4个月的目标周期属于大幅缩短。如果该目标能够在实践中顺利实现,印度尼西亚有望跻身全球商标及工业设计从申请到注册整体处理速度较快的国家之一。 工业设计注册同样以4个月为目标 工业设计申请也将适用类似的提速措施。根据印度尼西亚现行《工业设计法》,工业设计注册通常包括形式审查、公告、在适用情况下进行实质审查,以及最终签发注册证书等程序。DGIP此前曾表示,在现行制度框架下,整个注册流程通常约需12个月,其中实质审查阶段本身可能需要约6个月。 2026年8月18日,DGIP曾将办理目标缩短至5个月。此后,对于自2026年10月1日起提交的申请,在不存在异议或其他程序性障碍的情况下,办理目标进一步缩短至4个月。 对于产品外观更新迭代较快的行业,例如消费品、电子产品、包装、时尚、家具及汽车行业,更短的工业设计注册周期尤其具有实际商业价值。 但需要注意:4个月是服务目标,并不等于绝对保证 尽管这一政策无疑释放了积极信号,但申请人仍应谨慎理解“4个月”的含义。 DGIP在相关公告中将4个月表述为目标办理时限,而并非对每一件商标或工业设计申请均作出无条件承诺,即确保其在提交后恰好4个月内获得注册。就工业设计而言,DGIP亦特别指出,该目标适用于不存在异议等程序障碍的情形。 在实际审查过程中,办理周期仍可能受到多种因素影响,包括申请文件存在缺陷、需要补正或说明、第三方异议、商标异议程序、实质审查中出现问题、系统或行政工作量,以及其他程序性事项。 因此,申请人不宜基于“提交申请后4个月必然取得注册证书”的假设来安排交易交割、产品上市、维权行动或其他具有明确商业时间节点的事项。 此外,还有一点值得特别关注。DGIP本身亦曾指出,如需进一步压缩办理周期,可能需要对现有法律框架作出相应调整,包括修改印度尼西亚现行商标及工业设计相关法律。这意味着,目前的4个月安排更适合理解为现行法律框架下的行政服务目标,而非对所有法定程序期限的全面替代或重构。 这对知识产权权利人意味着什么? 对于印度尼西亚本地企业及外国企业而言,这一政策总体上是一个积极发展。更快的注册流程有望缩短从提交申请到获得注册之间的不确定期,并帮助企业更早取得可依法主张的注册权利。 不过,审查周期越快,前期准备的准确性也越重要。申请人应确保从一开始即准确准备商品或服务项目、尼斯分类、商标图样或工业设计视图、申请人及权利归属信息、优先权文件以及其他申请材料。任何形式或程序上的缺陷,都可能削弱提速政策原本能够带来的效率优势。 对于商标申请人而言,在提交申请前进行商标检索及可注册性分析仍然十分必要。审查流程加快,并不会消除因在先权利、缺乏显著性、近似性或其他《印度尼西亚商标法》规定的绝对或相对驳回事由而产生审查意见、驳回或异议的风险。 同样,工业设计申请人在产品公开、展示、销售或商业化之前,也应对新颖性要求及整体申请策略进行充分评估。 AFFA观点 将办理目标缩短至4个月,体现了印度尼西亚政府持续提升知识产权注册体系效率及可预期性的政策方向,值得肯定。 但与此同时,企业仍应明确区分官方公布的办理目标与具体个案的实际审理周期。鉴于该政策刚刚实施,其在实务中的执行情况仍有待未来数月进一步观察。 尤其对于存在严格商业时间表的申请人而言,仍建议预留合理的时间缓冲,不宜当然地认为所有不存在明显复杂问题的申请均必然能够在4个月内完成注册。 AFFA Intellectual Property Rights将持续关注该项提速措施的具体实施情况,以及其对印度尼西亚商标及工业设计申请实务所产生的影响。 如您希望进一步了解印度尼西亚商标及工业设计注册相关事项,欢迎通过以下方式联系我们,并可获得一次免费的15分钟初步咨询。 📩 电子邮件:[email protected] 📳 电话预约:+62 21 83793812 💬 WeChat:@AFFAIPR 关于 AFFA: AFFA 知识产权事务所成立于1999年,是一家总部位于印度尼西亚的精品知识产权律师事务所,专注为国际品牌与创新者提供全方位服务,包括申请注册、许可授权、执法维权及商业化支持,助力客户在印尼不断发展的知识产权环境中稳健发展。 本所因卓越表现广受认可,荣获 Asia Business Law Journal 颁发的“2025年度印度尼西亚最佳精品律师事务所”及“知识产权执法事务所”称号,并入选 WTR 1000 “2024年度推荐事务所(印度尼西亚)”。
Indonesia Targets Four-Month Trademark and Industrial Design Registration from 1 October 2026
Indonesia’s Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP) has announced another significant acceleration of its Intellectual Property services. Starting 1 October 2026, Trademark and Industrial Design applications filed from that date are targeted to be completed within a maximum of four months. The initiative forms part of DGIP’s broader effort to make Indonesia’s Intellectual Property system faster, more predictable, and more responsive to the needs of businesses and innovators. According to DGIP, the acceleration is intended to improve processing efficiency without reducing the quality of examination. The four-month target represents a substantial reduction compared with previous processing periods. If the plan materializes, this will make Indonesia as one of the fastest countries in the world in processing the whole application to registration for both Industrial Designs and Trademarks. Industrial Design Registration Also Targeted at Four Months A similar acceleration applies to Industrial Design applications. Under Indonesia’s Industrial Design Law, the registration process has traditionally involved administrative examination, publication, substantive examination where applicable, and issuance of the certificate. DGIP has described the overall process under the existing framework as taking around 12 months, with substantive examination itself potentially taking approximately six months. On 18 August 2026, DGIP introduced a five-month completion target. For applications submitted from 1 October 2026, that target has now been reduced to four months, provided that there are no complications such as objections or other procedural issues. For applicants in industries where product appearance changes quickly, such as consumer goods, electronics, packaging, fashion, furniture, and automotive products, a shorter registration process could be particularly valuable. But Four Months Is a Target, Not Necessarily a Guaranteed Completion Period The announcement is certainly positive, but applicants should interpret the four months carefully. DGIP’s own announcement describes four months as a target for completion, rather than an unconditional guarantee that every Trademark or Industrial Design application will receive registration within exactly four months. The Industrial Design announcement specifically notes that the target applies where there are no obstacles such as objections. In practice, the processing period may still be affected by factors such as deficiencies in an application, requests for clarification, objections or oppositions, substantive examination issues, system or administrative workload, and other procedural developments. Applicants should therefore avoid planning transactions, launches, enforcement actions, or commercial deadlines on the assumption that a registration certificate will always be issued exactly four months after filing. There is another important point: DGIP itself has indicated that further acceleration may require adjustments to the existing legal framework, including revisions to Indonesia’s Trademark and Industrial Design laws. This suggests that the current four-month initiative should be understood primarily as an administrative service target implemented within the existing regulatory framework, rather than a complete replacement of every statutory procedural period. What Does This Mean for IP Owners? For Indonesian and foreign businesses, the initiative is nevertheless an encouraging development. Faster processing can potentially reduce the period of uncertainty between filing and registration and allow businesses to secure registered rights earlier. However, a faster examination target also makes proper preparation increasingly important. Applicants should ensure that their specifications, classifications, representations, ownership information, priority documents, and other filing requirements are accurate from the outset. Procedural deficiencies may undermine the benefit of the accelerated service. For Trademark applicants in particular, conducting a clearance search before filing remains advisable. A faster registration process does not eliminate the possibility of objections based on earlier rights, descriptiveness, similarity, or other grounds under Indonesian Trademark law. Similarly, Industrial Design applicants should carefully assess novelty and filing strategy before disclosure or commercialization. AFFA’s View The four-month target is a welcome indication that Indonesia is seeking to improve the speed and predictability of its IP registration system. At the same time, businesses should distinguish between an official processing target and the actual timeline of an individual application. As the new policy has only just taken effect, its practical implementation will need to be observed over the coming months. Applicants, particularly those working under strict commercial deadlines, should therefore continue to allow a reasonable time buffer and avoid assuming that every straightforward application will necessarily be completed within four months. AFFA Intellectual Property Rights will continue to monitor the implementation of this accelerated service and its practical impact on Trademark and Industrial Design applications in Indonesia. Should you need more information about Trademark and Industrial Design registration in Indonesia, contact us through the channels below and receive a FREE 15-minute consultation: 📩 E-Mail : [email protected] 📳 Book a Call : +62 21 83793812 💬 WhatsApp : +62 812 87000 889 About AFFA: Established in 1999, AFFA Intellectual Property Rights is an Indonesia-based boutique IP law firm serving international brands and innovators, offering full-service support—from prosecution and licensing to enforcement and commercialization—in Indonesia’s dynamic IP landscape. Our firm is widely recognized for its excellence, with accolades including “Best Boutique Law Firm in Indonesia” and “IP Enforcement Firm” at the Indonesia Law Firm Awards 2025 by Asia Business Law Journal, as well as being listed as a “Recommended Firm 2024 — Indonesia” by WTR 1000: The World’s Leading Trademark Professionals.
印度尼西亚商标恶意注册无效宣告与连续不使用撤销:理解二者的区别
当外国品牌所有人计划进入印度尼西亚市场时,在先注册商标可能成为其获得商标保护的重要障碍,尤其是在他人已先于真正权利人在印度尼西亚提交相同或近似商标申请的情况下。 印度尼西亚原则上实行申请在先(first-to-file)制度,即商标权主要依据申请先后顺序通过注册取得。因此,如果他人已经注册了相同或实质近似的商标,印度尼西亚知识产权总局(Directorate General of Intellectual Property,DGIP)可能会对后提交的商标申请作出临时驳回,最终甚至作出正式驳回决定。 不过,根据具体情况,印度尼西亚商标法律制度提供了多种针对在先注册商标提出挑战的法律途径,其中最重要的两种包括: 虽然两种程序最终都可能通过法院判决及后续执行程序,使相关商标从《商标总登记簿》中被删除,但二者所针对的法律问题存在根本性区别。 对于因在先注册商标而导致其印度尼西亚商标申请受阻的外国企业而言,准确理解这两种制度的区别尤为重要。 申请在先并不意味着所有在先注册商标都不可挑战 根据印度尼西亚的商标审查实践,如果申请商标与他人在先注册商标或在先申请商标在整体上或主要部分构成近似,且指定商品或服务相同或类似,则该申请可能被驳回。 因此,申请在先原则始终是印度尼西亚商标制度中的重要出发点。 但在某些情况下,在先注册商标仍可能受到挑战,例如: 上述两种情形所适用的诉讼请求和法律基础并不相同。 因此,外国商标权利人在商标检索中发现存在在先冲突商标时,不应立即认定必须放弃原品牌或进行品牌重塑。 更重要的问题在于:该在先商标是基于何种情况获得注册的? 其次还需要考虑:该商标注册人是否实际在印度尼西亚使用该商标? 上述问题的答案,将直接影响权利人应当考虑提起恶意注册无效宣告诉讼、连续不使用撤销诉讼,还是采取其他法律策略。 1. 恶意注册商标无效宣告 恶意注册商标无效宣告主要关注的是:争议商标在申请注册时的具体背景及申请人的主观状态。 《印度尼西亚第20号〈商标与地理标志法〉》第21条第3款规定,申请人存在恶意的,商标申请应当被驳回。 根据该条款的解释,所谓“恶意申请人”,是指有合理理由怀疑其在申请注册商标时,具有模仿、复制或仿效他人商标以谋取自身商业利益的意图,从而造成不正当竞争,或者欺骗、误导消费者的申请人。 与此同时,《商标与地理标志法》第76条规定,利害关系人可依据第20条和/或第21条规定的理由,对已注册商标提起无效宣告诉讼。 因此,法院所审查的问题并不仅仅是被告是否属于最先提交商标申请的一方。 法院还可能审查相关事实是否能够表明,商标注册人为谋取自身商业利益而有意模仿、复制或仿效他人的商标,并由此可能造成不正当竞争、欺骗消费者或误导公众。 需要证明哪些事实? 恶意注册的认定高度依赖具体案件事实。两个商标之间的近似程度固然重要,但商标近似本身并不当然等同于恶意注册。 根据案件具体情况,可用于证明恶意的证据可能包括: 因此,恶意注册案件的举证策略与连续不使用撤销案件存在明显差异。 在恶意注册案件中,原告实际上需要通过证据重新还原: 被告为何、以及在何种背景下取得涉案商标注册。 恶意注册可突破申请在先原则的实际效力 AFFA代理**Guangzhou Sanwich Biology Technology Co., Ltd.(广州Sanwich生物科技有限公司)**处理 SEVICH 商标争议的案件,能够清楚说明这一点。 SEVICH商标最早由我们的客户于2016年在中国申请注册,随后又在多个其他国家和地区取得注册。 然而,在准备进入印度尼西亚市场之前,该公司发现另一方已经在印度尼西亚同一类别注册了完全相同的SEVICH商标,其文字、读音及标识均与客户商标高度一致。 印度尼西亚商标注册人以其在印度尼西亚的在先申请为依据,主张其作为最先注册人,依法享有SEVICH商标在印度尼西亚的专用权。 AFFA随后代表客户向雅加达中央地方法院商业法院提起商标无效宣告诉讼,案号为: 25/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Merek/2024/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst. 2024年6月11日,法院支持原告请求,并认定争议商标与客户商标构成主要部分近似,同时属于恶意注册。 法院责令DGIP宣告争议商标注册无效,并将其从《商标总登记簿》中删除。 该案件向外国企业传递了一个重要信息:申请在先原则固然重要,但其并不能成为恶意取得商标注册的绝对保护屏障。 D-Nee案件:二十多年后的类似争议 另一个较新的案例,是AFFA代理泰国公司 Neo Factory Co., Ltd. 处理 D-Nee 商标争议。D-Nee商标最早于1997年5月15日在泰国注册,随后在多个国家和地区获得注册并投入使用。 二十多年后,即2018年12月19日,另一方在印度尼西亚申请了与D-Nee实质近似的商标,并于2020年12月获得注册。AFFA于2024年12月23日代表原商标权利人向雅加达中央商业法院提起商标无效宣告诉讼。 虽然商业法院一审驳回了原告请求,但AFFA随后继续向印度尼西亚最高法院提起上诉审程序中的司法救济。 在以下案件中:1337 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2025 jo. No. 125/Pdt.Sus-Merek/2024/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst 印度尼西亚最高法院最终支持了AFFA所代理客户提出的请求。 最高法院在裁判理由中认为,印度尼西亚注册商标与原商标构成主要部分近似,并认定该商标属于恶意注册,其行为可能造成不正当竞争并误导消费者。 因此,该印度尼西亚商标注册被宣告无效,并被责令从《商标总登记簿》中删除。 该案件还体现了恶意注册无效宣告制度中的另一个重要特点。 对恶意注册提起无效宣告是否存在期限限制? 原则上,《商标与地理标志法》第77条第1款规定,针对注册商标提起无效宣告诉讼的期限为:自商标注册之日起五年。 但是,第77条第2款规定了一项重要例外。如果涉案商标注册涉及恶意,则商标无效宣告诉讼不受上述期限限制。 对于违反国家意识形态、法律法规、道德、宗教、社会公德或公共秩序的商标注册,同样适用相关例外规定。对于多年后才发现其品牌已被他人在印度尼西亚注册的境外商标权利人而言,这一点尤为重要。 换言之:仅仅因为争议商标已经注册多年,并不当然阻止真正权利人以恶意注册为由提起挑战,只要其能够提供充分证据。 2. 连续不使用商标撤销 连续不使用撤销所关注的问题则完全不同。 其核心并不是:为什么该商标当初能够获得注册? 而是:“商标注册人是否真正实际在印度尼西亚使用该商标?” 《商标与地理标志法》第74条规定,如果注册商标在商品和/或服务贸易中持续达到法律规定的期限未被使用,利害关系人可以向商业法院请求撤销该注册商标。 尤其需要注意的是: 目前适用的连续不使用期限已经调整为连续五年。 2024年7月30日,印度尼西亚宪法法院作出: 第144/PUU-XXI/2023号判决 将第74条第1款规定的连续不使用期间,从原来的连续三年延长至: 自商标注册之日或最后一次实际使用之日起连续五年。 因此,部分较早的印度尼西亚判决、文章或法律资料仍可能提及此前适用的“三年未使用”标准。对于当前案件,外国商标权利人不应继续依赖旧的三年标准。 连续不使用撤销无需证明恶意 这是两种法律机制之间最清晰的区别之一。 在连续不使用撤销案件中,原则上没有必要证明原商标注册人曾复制他人商标,或者其在最初申请注册时存在不诚实或恶意行为。 该商标最初获得注册时完全可能是合法有效的。 真正的问题在于:商标注册人在此后未能在法定期限内持续实际使用该商标。 因此,连续不使用撤销针对的是:已经处于非实际使用状态的注册商标, 而并不必然针对商标注册时存在的违法或不正当行为。 证据成为案件的核心 由于“是否实际使用”是连续不使用撤销案件的核心争议,因此,市场调查(market investigation)至关重要。 在正式提起诉讼之前,外国商标权利人通常应当首先确认,是否能够获得具有可信度的证据,证明争议商标在印度尼西亚并未被真实、实际地使用。 根据相关商品或服务的具体性质,调查范围可能包括: 印度尼西亚宪法法院亦强调,对于商标未使用的认定,应有充分的信息作为依据,包括: 清晰、可衡量、透明且具备可问责性的调查或市场调研数据。 因此,仅仅主张:“市场上找不到该商标产品” 可能并不足以支持连续不使用撤销请求。在此类案件中,经过合理规划并系统实施的市场调查,往往是诉讼策略中最重要的组成部分之一。 AFFA代理MARLIN案件:撤销阻碍在后申请的未使用商标 AFFA曾代理 TREK BICYCLE CORPORATION,针对由 PT Astra Honda Motor 名下注册的 MARLIN 商标提起连续不使用撤销诉讼。 该商标注册号为:IDM000168136 该在先MARLIN商标注册对 TREK BICYCLE CORPORATION 在印度尼西亚取得自身MARLIN商标保护构成了障碍。 因此,AFFA代表客户向雅加达中央地方法院商业法院提起连续不使用撤销诉讼,案号为:70/Pdt.Sus/Merek/2023/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst. 在一审阶段,商业法院裁定该诉讼:niet ontvankelijk verklaard 即不予受理。AFFA随后继续向最高法院提起司法救济。 2024年3月19日,印度尼西亚最高法院在:第396 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2024号判决 中支持TREK BICYCLE CORPORATION的主张,并撤销了一审法院判决。 该案件表明:对于因印度尼西亚在先注册商标而面临障碍的外国商标权利人而言,连续不使用撤销程序可以成为有效的法律途径,并且权利人并不一定需要证明在先商标最初是基于恶意取得注册。 此类案件的核心问题是:该注册商标是否按照印度尼西亚现行法律规定进行了真实、实际的使用。 PRINT ONE案件 此后,AFFA又代理 APRIL International Enterprise Pte. Ltd.——PAPER ONE 品牌的权利人——处理另一宗连续不使用撤销案件。 APRIL曾就 PRINT ONE 商标向DGIP提交申请,申请号为:DID2021062992 但其申请受到由 PT Daksa Sinergi 所有的在先PRINT ONE注册商标阻碍。独立市场调查显示,该在先商标在适用的法定期间内并未实际投入商业使用。因此,AFFA于2024年4月代表客户向雅加达中央商业法院提起诉讼。 商业法院最终支持原告诉讼请求,并责令将该在先PRINT ONE商标从《商标总登记簿》中删除。 MARLIN与PRINT ONE两个案件均说明:在商标检索中发现存在在先冲突商标,并不意味着法律分析应当就此结束。 DGIP数据库中的在先注册商标确实会构成重要法律障碍,但进一步的市场调查可能表明,该商标实际上已经具备因连续不使用而被撤销的条件。 并非所有未使用情形都会导致商标被撤销 《商标与地理标志法》同时规定了部分可构成不使用正当理由的情形。 根据第74条第2款,相关情形包括: 根据印度尼西亚宪法法院的解释,上述情形目前还明确包括:不可抗力(force majeure)。 因此,市场调查不能仅仅确认:“能否在市场上找到使用该商标的商品。” 同时还应进一步分析:商标未实际使用是否存在法律认可的正当理由。 恶意注册无效宣告与连续不使用撤销:主要区别 比较事项 恶意注册无效宣告 连续不使用撤销 核心问题 该商标是否属于恶意注册? 该商标自注册日或最后一次使用日起五年内是否在印度尼西亚实际使用? 主要法律依据 第21条第3款、第76条及第77条 第74条 主要审查对象 商标申请注册时的行为及背景 商标注册后的实际使用或未使用情况 是否需要证明复制或不诚实意图 通常属于恶意认定的重要内容 不需要 是否需要证明连续不使用 不需要 需要 境外历史商标注册的重要性 通常具有较高证明价值 可用于证明利害关系,但本身不能证明连续不使用 市场调查的重要性 可作为整体证据的一部分 极其关键且重要 一般期限 无 达到自注册日或最后一次使用日起连续五年的法定未使用期间后,可以提起诉讼 恶意情况下的期限例外 经认定构成恶意的,不受期限限制 不适用 现行连续不使用期限 不适用 连续五年 主要目的 对不当取得的商标注册提出挑战 撤销已经不再真实使用的商标注册 外国商标权利人应当选择哪一种法律途径? 假设一家外国企业在进入印度尼西亚市场前进行商标检索,并发现存在相同的在先注册商标。 应当采取何种法律行动,取决于能够获得的证据。 情形一:在先注册人可能复制了外国品牌 假设外国企业已经在国际市场长期使用其具有显著性的商标,而某印度尼西亚主体随后注册了在名称、标识及产品包装方面几乎完全相同的商标。 同时存在证据表明,该印度尼西亚注册人已经知道原商标的存在。 在此情况下,可考虑提起:恶意注册商标无效宣告诉讼。 权利人此前取得的境外商标注册、品牌声誉证据、双方此前存在的商业关系,以及印度尼西亚商标申请时的具体背景,都可能成为关键证据。 情形二:在先商标已经完全停止实际使用 另一种情况是:在先商标多年前可能合法取得注册,但调查发现,该商标已经超过五年未在印度尼西亚进行真实商业使用。 同时,也没有证据能够证明原注册人曾复制他人商标或存在恶意。 此时:连续不使用撤销诉讼 可能是更适合的法律途径。 情形三:同时存在恶意注册和连续不使用 部分案件可能同时具备两种法律基础。例如:某印度尼西亚主体可能首先复制了外国商标并取得注册,但此后又从未真正将该商标投入商业使用。 这并不意味着权利人应当然同时提起两种诉讼。具体诉讼策略仍应综合考虑: 尚未在印度尼西亚注册商标的外国权利人,也应考虑先行提交自己的申请 如果外国商标权利人自身尚未在印度尼西亚取得商标注册,还需要注意一个重要的程序问题。 《商标与地理标志法》第76条第2款规定:未注册商标的权利人在向主管机关提交自身商标申请后,可以对他人的注册商标提起无效宣告之诉。 因此:商标申请策略与诉讼策略之间具有直接联系。 外国商标权利人不应将针对阻碍商标的诉讼视为一个完全独立的法律程序。 其最终商业目的通常不仅仅是删除他人的注册商标。 更重要的是:为自身在印度尼西亚取得并持续维持商标权创造清晰、稳定的法律路径。 商标检索只是第一步 对于外国企业而言,一个非常重要的原则是:不利的商标检索结果应当触发进一步法律分析,而不应直接导致企业放弃原有品牌。 当发现存在冲突商标时,应进一步调查以下问题: 只有在对上述问题进行充分评估后,才能准确确定最适合采用的商标挑战机制。 结论:结果可能相同,但法律路径完全不同 恶意注册无效宣告与连续不使用撤销,最终可能产生类似的实际效果:将构成障碍的注册商标从印度尼西亚商标登记系统中移除。 但是,从法律性质来看,两者存在根本区别。恶意注册无效宣告关注的是商标注册本身是否合法正当。原告需要证明,争议商标注册人因存在恶意,本不应取得或继续维持该商标注册。 一旦法院认定存在恶意,印度尼西亚法律允许权利人不受通常五年期限的限制提起无效宣告诉讼。 另一方面:连续不使用撤销关注的是商标注册之后发生的事实。 其核心问题在于:该商标是否针对相关商品或服务,在印度尼西亚市场进行了真实、实际的商业使用。 根据印度尼西亚宪法法院第144/PUU-XXI/2023号判决,目前适用的法定标准为:连续五年未使用。 因此,对于受到印度尼西亚在先注册商标阻碍的外国商标权利人而言,确定正确的法律途径并不能仅依赖DGIP数据库中的商标登记信息。 权利人还可能需要进一步评估: AFFA Intellectual Property Rights已代理多家境外商标权利人处理印度尼西亚恶意注册无效宣告及连续不使用撤销案件,并曾在印度尼西亚商业法院及最高法院代理包括 D-Nee、SEVICH、MARLIN及PRINT ONE 在内的相关商标争议。 对于因在先注册商标而在印度尼西亚面临障碍的国际企业及境外知识产权律师而言,在投入大量资源进行品牌重塑或正式进入市场之前,尽早评估现有证据,有助于确定应当以恶意注册、连续不使用或其他可适用的法律理由对争议商标提出挑战。 如您希望进一步了解印度尼西亚恶意注册商标无效宣告和/或连续不使用撤销程序,欢迎通过以下方式联系我们,并可获得15分钟免费初步咨询: 📩 电子邮件:[email protected] 📳 电话预约:+62 21 83793812 💬 WeChat:@AFFAIPR 关于 AFFA: AFFA 知识产权事务所成立于1999年,是一家总部位于印度尼西亚的精品知识产权律师事务所,专注为国际品牌与创新者提供全方位服务,包括申请注册、许可授权、执法维权及商业化支持,助力客户在印尼不断发展的知识产权环境中稳健发展。 本所因卓越表现广受认可,荣获 Asia Business Law Journal 颁发的“2025年度印度尼西亚最佳精品律师事务所”及“知识产权执法事务所”称号,并入选 WTR 1000 “2024年度推荐事务所(印度尼西亚)”。
Trademark Bad Faith Invalidation vs Non-Use Cancellation in Indonesia: Understanding the Difference
A prior registered Trademark can become a significant obstacle when a foreign brand owner intends to enter the Indonesian market, especially when it is filed earlier than when the actual owner files the Trademark in Indonesia. Indonesia applies a first-to-file approach, meaning Trademark rights are principally obtained through application on a first-come, first-served basis. Consequently, if another party has already registered an identical or substantially similar trademark, the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP) may issue a provisional and final refusal against the Trademark application. Depending on the circumstances, Indonesian Trademark law provides several mechanisms to challenge an earlier registration. Two of the most important are: Although both actions may ultimately result in a Trademark being removed from the General Register of Trademarks by way of Court decision and further execution, they address fundamentally different legal problems. Understanding the distinction matters for foreign companies whose Trademark applications in Indonesia are blocked by earlier registrations. First-to-File Does Not Make Every Prior Registration Untouchable Under Indonesian Trademark practice, an application may be rejected if it is substantially or entirely similar to an earlier registered Trademark or prior-filed application covering identical or similar goods or services. The first-to-file principle therefore remains an important starting point. A prior Trademark may potentially be challenged where, for example: These circumstances lead to different causes of action. A foreign Trademark owner should therefore not immediately conclude that rebranding is required simply because an Indonesian Trademark search identifies an earlier conflicting registration. #1. Bad-Faith Trademark Invalidation Bad-faith Trademark invalidation focuses primarily on the circumstances surrounding the registration of the disputed Trademark. Article 21(3) of Law No. 20 of 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications provides that a Trademark application shall be rejected where it was filed by an applicant acting in bad faith. In accordance with the elucidation, the term “Applicant acting in bad faith” refers to an Applicant who may reasonably be suspected of having the intention, in registering its Mark, to imitate, reproduce, or follow another party’s Mark for the purpose of advancing its business interests, thereby creating unfair business competition or misleading or confusing consumers. Meanwhile, Article 76 allows an interested party to bring an invalidation action against a registered Trademark based on the grounds contained in Articles 20 and/or 21. The issue is therefore not merely whether the defendant registered first. The court may examine whether the circumstances indicate that the registrant intentionally imitated, copied, or followed another party’s Trademark for its own commercial benefit, particularly where such conduct may create unfair competition, deceive consumers, or mislead the public. What Must Be Proven? Bad faith is inherently fact-sensitive. Similarity between two Trademarks may be important, but similarity alone does not automatically establish bad faith. Depending on the case, relevant evidence may include: The evidentiary strategy is therefore very different from a non-use action. In a bad-faith case, the claimant is effectively reconstructing why and under what circumstances the defendant obtained the registration. Bad Faith Can Override the Practical Effect of First-to-File Our representation of Guangzhou Sanwich Biology Technology Co., Ltd. in relation to the SEVICH Trademark illustrates this distinction. SEVICH had originally been registered by our client in China in 2016 and subsequently registered in several other jurisdictions. Before entering Indonesia, however, the company discovered that an identical SEVICH Trademark, with corresponding wording, pronunciation and logo, had already been registered by another party in Indonesia in the same class. The Indonesian registrant relied on its earlier Indonesian filing and argued that, as the first registrant, it possessed the exclusive Trademark rights in Indonesia. AFFA subsequently filed an invalidation action before the Commercial Court at the Central Jakarta District Court, under Case No. 25/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Merek/2024/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst. On June 11, 2024, the Court granted the action and found, among other things, that the disputed registration contained substantial similarity and had been registered in bad faith. The Court ordered DGIP to invalidate the registration and remove it from the General Register of Trademarks. The case demonstrates an important point for foreign businesses: The D-Nee Case: A Similar Issue More Than Two Decades Later A more recent example can be seen in our representation of Neo Factory Co., Ltd. of Thailand concerning the D-Nee Trademark. The original Trademark had been registered in Thailand as early as May 15, 1997 and was subsequently registered and used in several jurisdictions. More than two decades later, on December 19, 2018, another party filed a substantially similar Trademark in Indonesia, which ultimately obtained registration in December 2020. AFFA filed an invalidation action on behalf of the original Trademark owner before the Central Jakarta Commercial Court on December 23, 2024. Although the Commercial Court initially rejected the claim, AFFA pursued the matter before the Supreme Court. In Decision No. 1337 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2025 jo. No. 125/Pdt.Sus-Merek/2024/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst, the Supreme Court granted the cassation petition. Among its findings, the Supreme Court considered that the Indonesian Trademark had substantial similarity to the original Trademark and that the registration had been made in bad faith, with the potential to create unfair competition and mislead consumers. The Indonesian registration was consequently declared invalid and ordered to be removed from the General Register of Trademarks. The case also illustrates another particularly important feature of bad-faith invalidation. Is There a Time Limit for a Bad-Faith Invalidation Action? Generally, Article 77(1) of the Trademark Law provides a five-year limitation period from the date of registration for an invalidation action. However, Article 77(2) provides an important exception. Where the registration involves bad faith, an invalidation action may be filed without a time limitation. The same exception applies to certain registrations contrary to state ideology, laws and regulations, morality, religion, decency, or public order. This distinction can be extremely important for an overseas Trademark owner who discovers an Indonesian registration years after it was obtained. The age of the registration does not, by itself, prevent a bad-faith challenge where sufficient evidence exists. #2. Non-Use Trademark Cancellation Non-use cancellation addresses a completely different question. It does not primarily examine why the Trademark was registered. Instead, it asks:
家族企业商标应由谁持有?三种常见商标权属架构解析
许多大型企业最初都源自家族经营。第一代创始人负责创业,随后子女逐步参与企业经营,并希望企业能够持续发展、实现代际传承。 然而,随着企业规模不断扩大,一个看似简单、实际上十分重要的问题往往才开始受到关注: 家族企业所使用的商标,究竟登记在谁的名下?是登记在父亲或母亲等创始人个人名下?由多名家庭成员共同持有?还是由家族成员持股的公司持有? 这个问题看似只是商标登记层面的安排,但当企业进入下一代、家族成员结构发生变化、公司引入外部投资者,或者商标权人去世时,不同的商标权属架构可能产生完全不同的法律及商业后果。 因此,对于家族企业而言,并不存在一种适用于所有企业的“标准答案”。 根据企业的发展阶段、股权结构、家族安排以及未来传承计划,至少可以考虑以下三种常见的商标所有权架构。 无论采用哪种架构,首先要明确:商标是一项重要资产 商标并不仅仅是印在产品包装、门店招牌或者社交媒体账号上的一个名称或标识。 根据印度尼西亚商标制度,商标完成注册后,商标权人将依法取得对该注册商标的专有权利,包括自行使用商标以及授权其他主体使用该商标。 印度尼西亚**《2026年第5号司法部长关于商标注册的条例》**进一步明确,商标申请人既可以是自然人,也可以是法人。 因此,对于家族企业而言,从商标申请阶段开始,就需要考虑:究竟由谁来持有商标? 这个决定不应只基于:“当初是谁创办了这家公司?” 还应进一步考虑:“从企业长期发展和家族传承的角度来看,未来由谁持有该商标更为合适?” 这正是家族企业进行商标权属规划的核心所在。 方案一:由多名家庭成员共同持有商标 第一种方案是共同所有(co-ownership),即同一商标由两名或两名以上家庭成员共同持有。 例如,一家餐饮企业由父亲与两个子女共同创立,三人从创业初期开始便共同投入并参与经营。 如果家族希望该商标本身也由三人直接共同持有,可以考虑将三人共同列为商标申请人及商标权人。 印度尼西亚商标法允许采取这种方式。 根据《2016年第20号商标与地理标志法》第5条,两名或两名以上共同享有某一商标权利的申请人,可以共同提交商标注册申请。 在这种情况下,所有申请人的姓名均应列明。 申请可以由其中一名申请人签署,但需要取得其他申请人的书面同意;如果委托知识产权顾问代理申请,授权文件原则上应由所有共同享有相关商标权利的申请人签署。 因此,从法律上而言,同一商标可以从一开始就登记在多名家庭成员名下。 哪些家族企业适合共同持有? 这种模式通常更适用于以下情况:企业确实由少数几名家庭成员共同创立和经营,而且各方希望商标作为家庭成员直接共同持有的资产长期保留下来。 例如,三名兄弟姐妹共同创业,三人均积极参与公司经营,同时也不希望其中任何一人成为商标的唯一权利人。 在这种情况下,共同所有可以比较直接地体现商标的实际归属。 但是,随着企业经营时间增长,家族需要提前考虑的问题也会随之增加。 例如: 因此,共同持有商标不应仅仅停留在“把几个人的名字写在商标证书上”。 家族还可以考虑通过协议进一步明确商标相关事项,例如: 决策机制、商标使用方式、商标维护及保护费用的承担、商标权转让、家庭成员进入或退出机制,以及其中一名共同权利人去世后的处理方案等。 提前建立清晰的规则,有助于避免共同所有在企业发展后反而成为新的不确定因素。 同时还需要注意:共同持有商标并不等同于集体商标。 集体商标属于印度尼西亚商标制度下的另一类商标,其适用于多个自然人或法人按照相应使用规则共同使用商标的特定情形。 《2026年第5号司法部长关于商标注册的条例》对此另有专门规定。 方案二:由家族公司持有商标 第二种方案,是由家族企业设立的法人主体持有商标,例如由印度尼西亚**有限责任公司(PT)**登记并持有商标。 例如,一个家庭设立PT XYZ:父亲持有50%的股份,母亲持有20%,两个子女各自持有15%。 公司的业务均通过PT XYZ开展,而企业的核心商标也登记在PT XYZ名下。 在这种情况下,需要特别区分两个概念: 第一,家庭成员作为股东,拥有的是公司的股权; 第二,商标本身则属于公司。 PT作为独立法人,可以依法拥有自身资产。 因此,如果PT作为商标申请人并最终取得商标注册,那么该商标将属于公司资产,而不是由每一名家庭股东直接按持股比例共同拥有。 哪些家族企业适合由公司持有商标? 这种结构通常比较适合已经建立较为清晰的公司架构,并希望企业实现长期经营和代际传承的家族企业。 其中一个明显特点是: 股东发生变化,并不必然意味着商标权人也需要发生变化。 例如: 只要持有商标的法人主体仍然是PT XYZ,那么商标权人原则上仍然是同一家公司。 这也是由公司持有商标与家庭成员个人直接持有商标之间非常重要的区别。 在这种架构下,家族未来所需要考虑的问题,可能由: “将来谁会继承这个商标?” 逐渐转变为: “将来谁将持有并控制这家拥有商标的公司?” 因此,商标资产管理可以与公司的整体股权安排、经营管理及家族传承计划结合起来。 如果家族企业已经拥有多家门店、经销商、加盟商或者其他商业合作伙伴,由公司集中持有核心商标,也可能有利于统一安排相关商标授权及商业合作关系。 不过,这种模式同样存在需要重点关注的问题。 如果商标属于PT的公司资产,那么即使公司股东发生变化,商标原则上仍属于该公司。 因此,如果未来出现: 公司控制权变化、股权重组、引入投资者、并购或者其他公司交易, 这些事项都可能影响最终由谁在经济层面控制该商标资产。 所以,在选择由公司持有商标时,家族不能只关注商标登记本身。 公司的股权架构和公司治理安排同样非常重要。 方案三:商标登记在父母或创始人个人名下,未来通过继承转移 在实际业务中,这也是家族企业较为常见的一种情况。 父亲或母亲可能在几十年前创办企业,并以个人名义申请注册商标。 后来随着企业不断发展,子女逐步加入经营,公司规模不断扩大,甚至拥有数百或数千名员工。 但是,当再次查看商标注册信息时,商标权人仍然是最初的创始人个人。 这种安排是否合法?可以。 根据印度尼西亚商标法,注册商标权可以基于多种法律原因发生转移,其中包括继承以及遗嘱安排。 不过,相应的权利转移还需要向印度尼西亚知识产权总局(DJKI)办理商标权转移备案。 《2026年第5号司法部长关于商标注册的条例》也对办理此类商标权转移所需要提交的相关证明文件作出了规定。 涉及继承时,需要根据具体情况准备与继承人资格、遗嘱等有关的文件。 哪些家族企业适合采用这种模式? 这种方式可能比较适合仍然具有明显创始人主导特征的家族企业。 例如:创始人目前仍然积极参与业务,并希望核心商标继续作为其个人资产持有,同时家族已经对未来企业传承及商标安排形成较为明确的规划。 在这种情况下,该架构可能相对简单。 但家族需要尽早回答一个关键问题: “以后把商标留给孩子”这一句话,是否已经足够? 答案往往是:不一定。 当商标权人去世后,该商标可能成为遗产的一部分,并需要按照适用于相关当事人的继承规则进行处理。 如果创始人有多名继承人,家族则应提前考虑: 最终希望由谁持有商标?由其中一名子女单独持有?还是由多名继承人共同持有? 企业完成代际交接后,运营公司又将以什么法律基础继续使用该商标? 企业的商业价值越高,提前明确这些问题就越重要。 应尽量避免出现以下情况: 企业已经拥有大量门店,商标本身也积累了相当高的品牌价值,但家族直到创始人去世后,才开始讨论该商标未来到底应归谁所有。 商标权人和实际使用商标的企业,可以不是同一个主体 家族企业还需要理解一个非常重要的概念: 商标所有权和商标使用权可以分开安排。 换言之,持有注册商标的一方,并不一定必须是实际负责日常经营的公司。 根据印度尼西亚商标法,注册商标权人可以通过商标许可协议授权其他主体使用该商标。 相应的商标许可协议需要按照规定向印度尼西亚知识产权总局(DJKI)办理备案。 未依法办理备案的许可协议,对第三方不产生法律效力。 例如:父母个人继续持有商标;而日常业务则由家族设立的PT运营。 父母可以通过商标许可安排,授权该PT在经营过程中使用相关商标。 因此,对于家族企业而言,可以根据自身需求设计: 商标权人 — 运营公司 — 家庭成员 三者之间的法律及商业关系。 关键在于: 相关架构应经过充分协商,并通过适当的法律文件予以明确。 而不应只是因为: “当年申请商标时,刚好用了这个人的名字。” 您的家族企业更适合哪一种架构? 在直接选择上述任何一种模式之前,建议家族首先讨论以下几个问题: 不同家庭对于上述问题的答案不同,适合采取的商标权属结构自然也可能不同。 由两名或数名家庭成员共同创业的企业,可以考虑共同持有模式。 已经进入第二代、第三代经营并具有成熟公司架构的企业,可以考虑由公司集中持有核心商标。 仍然高度依赖创始人的企业,也可以考虑继续由创始人个人持有商标,但同时提前制定清晰的继承和传承安排。 因此:上述三种模式本身并不存在绝对的“对”与“错”。 真正值得重视的是:家族企业是否已经主动规划其商标未来的归属。 家族传承所需要考虑的,不应该只有:“下一代由谁来管理公司?” 还应该包括: “作为企业品牌、商业信誉及企业价值重要组成部分的商标,未来由谁持有,又应如何传承?” 您是否需要重新审视家族企业的商标权属架构? 随着企业规模扩大、家族成员增加以及股权结构变化,早期采用的商标登记方式未必始终适合企业未来的发展需求。如果您的家族企业希望进一步了解或规划:商标权属架构、商标权转让备案、商标许可协议的起草及备案,以及与企业发展和代际传承相匹配的知识产权保护策略, 欢迎通过以下渠道联系 AFFA Intellectual Property Rights,并预约15分钟免费咨询。 📩 电子邮件:[email protected] 📳 电话预约:+62 21 83793812 💬 WeChat:@AFFAIPR 关于 AFFA: AFFA 知识产权事务所成立于1999年,是一家总部位于印度尼西亚的精品知识产权律师事务所,专注为国际品牌与创新者提供全方位服务,包括申请注册、许可授权、执法维权及商业化支持,助力客户在印尼不断发展的知识产权环境中稳健发展。 本所因卓越表现广受认可,荣获 Asia Business Law Journal 颁发的“2025年度印度尼西亚最佳精品律师事务所”及“知识产权执法事务所”称号,并入选 WTR 1000 “2024年度推荐事务所(印度尼西亚)”。