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Indonesia’s IP Odyssey: Tackling Counterfeiters on Indonesian E-Commerce Sites

Intellectual Property, Trademark2 Comments

According to the Priority Watch List (PWL) 2023 report, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) still places Indonesia, Argentina, Chile, India, Russia, China, and Venezuela on an investment blocklist because it is prone to piracy practices. In particular, the Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy 2022 report, also released by USTR, listed various Indonesian sites on the watch list.   Even though in October 2021, Indonesia’s five largest e-commerce companies, namely Tokopedia, Shopee, Lazada, Bukalapak, and Blibli, signed a law enforcement cooperation agreement in the field of Intellectual Property (IP) together with the Directorate General Intellectual Property, Criminal Investigation Agency, and the Directorate General of Customs and Excise. Their target then was clear: Indonesia was released from PWL 2022.   In fact, since 2018, Indonesia is still on this list. Specifically, USTR stated that U.S. rights holders continue to face challenges in Indonesia concerning adequate and effective IP protection and enforcement. There continues to be widespread piracy and counterfeiting, and concerns regarding IP enforcement remain, including lack of enforcement against counterfeit goods, and the lack of deterrent-level penalties for IP infringement in physical markets and online.   Furthermore, USTR provides lays out the current challenges faced by and improvements made by Indonesian e-commerce that are on the watch list.   Challenges In general, right holders note a high volume of counterfeit products, with some openly labeled “replicas” of branded products. Several e-commerce sites have established notice and takedown processes and have made several improvements to their anti-counterfeiting systems, but right holders continue to push for the sites to invest more significant resources into developing proactive anti-counterfeiting protocols, as well as into increasing the speed of takedowns and transparency of takedown procedures.  Right holders have also expressed frustration with several e-commerce sites’ “repeat infringer” policy, which states that sellers with more than three infringement reports submitted by the same brand are “eligible” to be taken down, instead of “will be” taken down. Right holders state that both the site’s “repeat infringer” policy and “major infringer” policy require brands to expend significant effort and resources to report infringement, and they urge the sites to instead use proactive measures like keyword filtering to allow for automated removal of counterfeit listings.   Progresses Made by E-Commerce Sites in Indonesia Despite the challenges, the aforementioned sites have ramped up their efforts in battling against the counterfeits. In 2022, Shopee launched a pilot program for its new brand protection portal and, with a newly hired global brand protection director, increased its engagement with right holders. Whereas Tokopedia launched its new  Intellectual Property portal to increase the ease and efficiency of submitting notices of infringement and tracking the progress of the resolution of the notices.  Additionally, right holders have noted that Tokopedia has invested resources in a seller education campaign and has implemented some new technologies to increase proactive monitoring of product postings, that could detect and remove counterfeit listings before they are shown to users. Tokopedia also introduced the “penalty points” system and repeat offender system to counter the evergrowing counterfeit demands and markets.     Reporting counterfeit goods helps to protect consumers and businesses from being harmed by these illegal products. It also helps to ensure that the e-commerce platforms are fair and safe for everyone to use. But as seen from the screenshot above, for us to report counterfeit products, there is already a limit that only the owner or their authorized representatives can report. In other words, complaints for listing takedown or removal of goods from e-commerce, from ordinary users who have nothing to do with the owner of the Trademark or Copyright cannot be continued. On the other hand, this policy prevents false reporting from disturbing users.   Then if you are indeed the right holders or official representative, what documents are needed for reporting and requesting the removal of goods from e-commerce?   Documents Required for Trademark Infringement Report Proof of Trademark ownership in the form of a Trademark; Certificate that has been registered and issued by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia, or similar documents; Recommended Retail Price (RRP) from Trademark Owner; This document is one of the economic evidence tools that can help e-commerce determine whether the listing to be taken down violates the Trademark. If the price of the goods sold in the listing is far below the RRP, then there is an indication that the product is counterfeit or that the seller is practicing price dumping. Proof of your legal identity; and Power of attorney from the Trademark holder/owner in accordance with the document proof of Trademark ownership that you have attached (if you are not the owner of the Trademark but are the beneficiary of the power of attorney from the Trademark owner to make a report). Documents Required for Copyright Infringement Report Proof of Copyright ownership in the form of a Copyright Recordation that has been registered and issued by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia, or similar documents; Proof of your legal identity; and Power of attorney from the Copyright holder/owner in accordance with the document proof of Copyright ownership that you have attached (if you are not the owner of the Copyright but are the beneficiary of the power of attorney from the Copyright owner to make a report).   According to our experience, the average takedown listing request that we submit is accommodated by e-commerce within 2-3 weeks.   If you need further assistance in the process of reporting counterfeit products or listing takedown in e-commerce sites in Indonesia, don’t hesitate to contact us via [email protected]. Sources: 2022 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy Priority Watch List 2023 Tokopedia IP Report Directorate General Intellectual Property

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How to Upcycle Without Violating Trademark Law

Intellectual Property

Upcycling is the process of transforming waste materials into new products of higher quality or value. This trend has been growing in popularity in recent years, and it is now estimated that resale could account for 20% of a luxury company’s revenue by 2030.   According to Vogue magazine, upcycling was the biggest fashion trend of spring/summer 2021. As of June 2023, the hashtag #upcycle has over 6.2 million posts on Instagram alone.   For brand and trademark owners, upcycling can raise legal concerns. For example, if a company uses a trademarked brand name on an upcycled product without the permission of the trademark owner, this could be considered Trademark Infringement.     However, there are some exceptions to this rule. For example, in the United States, trademark owners cannot prevent the use of their trademarks on upcycled products if the use is “noncommercial and non-confusing.” This means that the use of the trademark cannot be used to sell the product or to imply that the product is endorsed by the trademark owner.   In addition, trademark owners may be able to prevent the use of their trademarks on upcycled products if the use is likely to dilute the trademark. Dilution occurs when the use of a trademark weakens the distinctiveness or reputation of the trademark.   Overall, the legal implications of upcycling for brand and trademark owners are complex. However, by understanding the law, trademark owners can protect their brands and trademarks while still supporting the upcycling movement.   Should you have any questions about Trademark Infringement in Indonesia, please contact us at [email protected]. Source ipwatchdog.com

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Procrastination’s Price: The Costly Consequence of Late Trademark Renewal in Indonesia

Intellectual Property

In accordance with the Law No. 20 Year 2016 on Trademark and Geographical Indications (the Trademark Law), a Trademark owner may renew its registered Trademark within 6 months before the due date – which is calculated from 10 years from the date of application. Before the enactment of the current Trademark Law, a registered Trademark would be automatically removed from the register if the owner forgot to renew it. The only option to “revive” the Trademark back then would be to refile a new application. However, as we all are aware, in the riveting realm of intellectual property law, time is not just money – it is the undisputed king, and deadlines are not mere suggestions, they are royal commands.   While meeting renewal deadlines is of utmost importance, but what unfolds when a Trademark owner takes a memory misstep and lets the renewal lapse into the abyss of forgetfulness? Well, it is not the end of the world – the Trademark owner just has to pay more official fees – more or less double – to keep the Trademark alive. This is regulated by the Trademark Law where it allows a Trademark to still be renewed even after the deadline has passed. However, the grace period is only limited to 6 months after the deadline. Please note that it is technically impossible to renew the Trademark after the grace period has lapsed. Refiling the Trademark is the only feasible option.   When is the earliest time a Trademark can be renewed? A registered Trademark can be renewed within 6 months before the deadline.    Requirements Please note that in order to file a Trademark renewal, a Trademark owner should submit a Statement of Use of Mark. No active evidence of use will need to be submitted to the Trademark Office. All foreign Trademark owners should appoint a legal proxy to renew a registered Trademark. Therefore, a power of attorney will also need to be signed and submitted as well.   Timeline Upon the submission of a renewal application, the Trademark Office will issue a renewal application receipt. Please also note that unlike in the past, the Trademark renewal notification/certificate is issued within a day.   Should you have any questions about Trademark renewal in Indonesia, please contact us at [email protected].

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Indonesia’s IP Odyssey: Unraveling the Ins and Outs of IP License Agreement Recordal

Intellectual Property7 Comments

In Indonesia, it is a legal obligation to record all intellectual property (IP) license agreements under laws relating to trademarks, patents, designs, and copyrights to ensure they are legally enforceable and binding to all relevant third parties. By law, any IP license agreements that are not recorded will not have any legal effect against all relevant third parties. Nevertheless, the agreements will still only be binding between the contracting parties. In recent times, there have been increasing demands by IP owners to record IP license agreements, because such recorded license agreements are often requested by SNI (the Indonesian National Standardisation Body) and BPOM (Indonesian Food and Drugs Administration) to issue certain yet separate licenses.   The Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP) under the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (MOLHR) is in charge of receiving the recordal applications for the license agreements. The DGIP is empowered by Government Regulation No. 36 Year 2018 on the Recordation of Intellectual Property License Agreement (Government Regulation No. 36/2018) to carry on this function. While the practice of recording IP licensing agreements has actually been done for many years before the enactment of Government Regulation No. 36/2018, we noted that the DGIP only started issuing the notifications of the recordal of license agreements after 2018 for the recordals that were filed many years before that. Until then, many who had recorded them simply held on to the “recordal filing receipts” as an evidence of recordal.   In general, Government Regulation 36/2018 regulates various requirements and procedures for recording intellectual property license agreements and specifies the following matters: License agreements Recordation procedures Recordation excerpts Changes and revocations   As a general rule of thumb, the IP holder (“Licensor”) is authorized to grant a license to another party (“Licensee”) who wishes to use the Licensor’s exclusive rights. Such a license can only be granted based on an agreement made in writing in Indonesian – hence the agreements signed in English or other languages must be sworn translated into Bahasa Indonesia. In addition, the license agreement must stipulate the following points: Place & Date of the letter signing Details of the parties including the address Object of trademark license (trademark/patent/copyright/industrial design registration number) Terms of use (exclusive, non-exclusive, sub-licensable, or not) Duration of the agreement Territory For patents, the agreement shall stipulate the party tasked with the responsibility of paying the annuity.   However, be mindful that the term of the agreement shall not be longer than the protection period of the licensed IP. The license agreement must not entertain any stipulations that might inflict harm upon Indonesia’s economic vitality or the nation’s strategic interests. Moreover, it must not cultivate an environment for unjust business competition, nor should it stand in contradiction to the existing legislative framework in Indonesia. It is equally critical that such an agreement does not breach the bounds of religious adherence, ethical conduct, or public order.   Recordation Procedure A submission of a Recordation Request must be formally made to the Minister written in the Indonesian language, accompanied by the following documents: A copy of the license agreement which has been notarized by a Notary Public in the relevant country where the parties reside; Official excerpts from the intellectual property certificate; A power of attorney letter (if applied for by proxy). It is noteworthy that the use of a proxy is mandatory if the Licensor and Licensee are foreigners or reside outside Indonesia;  Copy of the identity card/passports of the signatories; Deed of Incorporation of the parties bound to the agreement; and Proof of payment of the official fees, which will be paid by the proxy.   According to Government Regulation No. 36/2018, the submitted request will be reviewed within five business days following the receipt of a fully completed application. The applicant will be informed if the application is incomplete, and they will be given a period of 30 business days from the date of notification to perfect it. However, thanks to DGIP’s innovation – POP Merek (POP Trademark), most of the IP license agreement recordal notifications are issued within a day.    Amendment and Revocation A recorded IP license agreement can be amended and revoked. When it comes to amendments, they are limited to the name of the Licensor and/or Licensee or the subject of the license agreement, and other information (such as the address of the related parties, provisions related to the exclusivity of the license, and so forth).    A recorded IP license agreement can only be revoked under the following conditions: The agreement between the Licensor and the Licensee; The resolution of a court proceeding; or Additional elements, in accordance with Ministerial Regulation No. 8 of the year 2016 on the Procedure for Registering Conditions and Methods for the Application of Recording Intellectual Property Licensing Agreements.   Should you require further information and assistance regarding IP license agreement recordal in Indonesia, please contact us at [email protected]; [email protected]; or [email protected].

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5 Richest People Who Live From Selling Fonts

Intellectual Property

Fonts are Intellectual Property that can be sold outright or licensed. You can sell them directly from your own website or through a font foundry. The amount of income you make depends on the popularity of your fonts, the licensing terms you offer, and the sales channels you use. But before considering selling the fonts you make, you should record your fonts as Copyrights to Copyright Office, or in Indonesia called DGIP (Directorate General Intellectual Property).   If you create a successful font, you can potentially earn a significant amount of money. Here are some additional ways to get income from fonts: Create Custom Fonts for Businesses or Individuals This can be an excellent way to earn a steady stream of income, as businesses and individuals are always looking for unique fonts to use for their branding or marketing materials. Use Fonts on Social Media Being active on social media with lots of followers has many advantages. One way is to display and use your own fonts through additional applications to become the default font of your posts that many people can see. Create Fonts for Games or Apps This can be a good way to reach a specific audience and earn a commission on each sale.   If you’re interested in creating fonts as a way to make money, there are a few things you can do to increase your chances of success: Learn About the Font Industry This includes understanding the different types of fonts, the licensing terms that are available, and the marketing channels that are most effective. Create High-Quality Fonts This means paying attention to the details, such as the kerning, the hinting, and the overall appearance of the fonts. Promote Your Fonts This includes creating a website or blog for your fonts, as well as using social media and other channels to reach potential buyers.   Creating fonts can be a challenging but rewarding way to make money. If you have the skills and the dedication, you can create fonts that are both beautiful and profitable, just like these five people: Steve Matteson – Net Worth: $10 million Matteson is an American type designer and fontographer. He is best known for creating the popular fonts “Lucida Grande” and “Lucida Sans”. Matteson has also created fonts for Apple, Microsoft, and Adobe. Matthew Carter – Net Worth: $8 million Carter is an English type designer. He is best known for creating the fonts “Gill Sans” and “Times New Roman”. Carter has also created fonts for the New York Times, the BBC, and the U.S. Government. Erik Spiekermann – Net Worth: $7 million Spiekermann is a German type designer and typographer. He is best known for creating the fonts “Frutiger” and “Optima”. Spiekermann has also founded the type foundry FontShop International. Jonathan Hoefler – Net Worth: $6 million Hoefler is an American type designer and typographer. He is best known for creating the fonts “Hoefler Text” and “Gotham”. Hoefler has also founded the type foundry Hoefler & Co. Mike Abbink – Net Worth: $5 million Abbink is a Dutch type designer and typographer. He is best known for creating the fonts “Avenir” and “Univers”. Abbink has also founded the type foundry Font Bureau.   It is important to note that these estimates are based on publicly available information and may not be entirely accurate. However, they give a general idea of the wealth of some of the most successful font creators in the world. If you need further information about Copyright Recordation for fonts in Indonesia and abroad, please contact us via [email protected]. Sources: Commarts.com: Cold Cash for Hot Fonts Jonathan Hoefler: Typeface Design (2019) You are a what? Font Designer

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Bootleg Toys v Third Party, Which One is Illegal?

Intellectual Property1 Comment

The toy industry is one of the most promising businesses for IP businesses. Of the total circulation of money, which has reached USD 107.4 billion in 2022 alone, more than 80% is Intellectual Property (IP) based toys. The best sellers were toys from IP Barbie, Disney Princess, Marvel, Star Wars, Pokemon, Minecraft, and Harry Potter.   Because basically, the buyers of these toys are not only children but also adults who collect various action figures (toy characters that can be posed because they have multiple points of articulation) and statues (toy characters that are large without articulation but have super accurate details), worth hundreds of dollar.   The large community of toy fans and collectors, with different purchasing power from a popular character, overwhelms toy manufacturers in presenting various toys that are in demand. This potential is then filled by other toy manufacturers, ranging from cheaper versions of toys to those with different designs that are not officially licensed.   Bootleg Toys Because they have official partnerships with IP owners, big toy manufacturers such as Hasbro, Bandai, Mattel, and LEGO must maintain quality by presenting products that match the original characters’ appearance— from the suitability of the color to the packaging with the official logo. With maintained quality, the selling price of these original toys is costly. But on the other hand, we can also find toys with low prices, of course with a low level of accuracy, messy paint, no official logo, and the name of the company that made it needs to be clarified.   That criterion is what is referred to as a bootleg or pirated toy. Because it is clear that its presence does not go through an official collaboration process, paying for a license, nor is there a Quality Control (QC) process that should be present to maintain the quality of an IP. Unfortunately, there is also a high interest in pirated toys, especially from low-budget collectors or collectors who deliberately buy toys to modify, repaint, or use some of the parts to replace the original toys.   Third-Party Toys As previously explained, each popular IP character has huge fans with high purchasing power. The characters Batman, Spider-Man, Iron Man, Darth Vader, Optimus Prime, and Kamen Rider are examples of popular characters whose fans always buy a new version of the toys. Seeing their enormous purchasing power, a third category of toy manufacturers emerged: toy manufacturers who make toys based on a character but with a different design, never before made by other toy companies but still attractive to the fans. These are what fans classify as “third-party” toys.   While true fans can feel guilty when they buy pirated toys, that’s not the case when they buy “third-party” toys. Because they think buying toys with new variants which have never been produced before by design is acceptable. These “third-party” toy manufacturers also do not pay royalties to IP owners. This is indicated by the absence of official logos and character names on the packaging of “third-party” toys.   Industrial Design Rights on Toys Several types of Intellectual Property are attached to a toy, namely Industrial Designs, Trademarks, and Copyrights. If the Copyright protects the packaging design, while the Mark protects the IP name and its characters, then the Industrial Design protects the core product.   According to Law Number 31 of 2000 concerning Industrial Design in Indonesia, the definition of Industrial Design is a creation of the shape, configuration, or composition of lines or colors, or lines and colors, or a combination thereof in a three-dimensional or two-dimensional form which gives an aesthetic impression and can be embodied in three-dimensional or two-dimensional patterns and can be used to produce a product, goods, industrial commodities or handicrafts.   In producing a toy, these toy manufacturers usually buy a license for a character from the IP owner, then make an attractive design and register it as an Industrial Design. However, this Industrial Design only has a protection period of 10 (ten) years from the application date and cannot be extended. This is what makes toy manufacturers have to keep creating and keep making new variants so they can continue to get the maximum benefit from the characters that have been licensed before losing the exclusive rights to the designs they made ten years later.   Penalties for Industrial Design Violators From the explanation above, it can be concluded that pirated toy manufacturers who make similar toys with the same design but lower quality have violated Industrial Design. Because according to Article 9 of the Industrial Design Law in Indonesia, “Holders of Industrial Design Rights have the exclusive right to exercise their Industrial Design Rights and to prohibit other people without their consent from making, using, selling, importing, exporting, and/or distributing goods that are given Industrial Design Rights.”   Then Article 54 of the Industrial Design Law provides for a maximum imprisonment of 4 (four) years and/or a maximum fine of Rp 300,000,000.00 (three hundred million rupiahs) for violations of Article 9 above.   Then what about “third-party” toy manufacturers? Do they not commit any violations?   Because Industrial Designs are specific according to the designs registered, “third-party” toy manufacturers may be able to escape the legal snares stipulated in the Industrial Design Law. Still, they cannot run the Copyright Law and/or Trademark Law because it is not impossible that the toy manufacturer still uses a similar name on the packaging and character design which still has similarities in principle to the character whose copyright has been recorded at the Intellectual Property Office.   Therefore, if we are true fans who support the development of our favorite IPs, we must start leaving the habit of buying toys from manufacturers who do not pay royalties because there are still forms of violation there. On the other hand, if you are interested in getting into the toy industry, it is better to start by establishing official partnerships with IP owners.   If you need further information about Industrial…

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TOEI Strategy: Using IP to Increase Global Sales

Intellectual Property1 Comment

The IP (Intellectual Property) business in the entertainment industry is up-and-coming. We can see how the Walt Disney Company became a giant by producing its own animated series and feature films and continuing to buy well-known IPs such as Marvel Heroes, Star Wars, and many more. The valuation of the company founded by Walter Elias Disney 100 years ago has reached USD 171.49 billion and is ranked 63rd company with the largest market capitalization in the world.   Meanwhile, from Japan, Toei Company, Co. Ltd., or simply Toei, is known as a producer of popular films and animations such as Dragon Ball, Saint Seiya, One Piece, Digimon, Sailor Moon, Super Sentai, and Kamen Rider. Classic series such as Gaban (Uchu Keiji Gavan), Voltus (Chodenji Machine Voltes V), and Goggle Five, which were popular in the 80s, were also produced by Toei.   However, unlike Disney, like most other Japanese companies, especially in the entertainment industry, they prioritize the local market and only make the global market a secondary target. According to Nora Mediana, Managing Director of Moxienotion, who has several times been entrusted with distributing Japanese-produced films to Indonesia, this policy applies the principle of embracing enthusiasts and succeeding in the local market before advancing in the global market.   “You have to speak to your local audience, and be relevant to them first before reaching out to a wider audience,” she explained.   This strategy of strengthening IP foundations in the country has to deal with a population growth crisis that is difficult to overcome. The continued reduction in the number of children and adolescents, the main target of this IP business, has reduced the income in the local market.   Even though Toei has produced more than 4,400 feature films and 38,000 TV series, income from licenses for using trademarks and copyrights of their works will decrease unless they make the global market their primary target. Efforts to get out of this crisis were marked by the launch of a long-term vision called “Toei New Wave 2033”, which targets to increase global sales by 170%, or from the composition of the local to the global market, which was 70:30 to 50:50 in 2033.   So what strategy is done by Toei? The first, as has been and is commonly done by IP practitioners in the entertainment industry, is to extend the life of the IP itself, namely by recycling an IP so that it can continue to be known and loved from generation to generation.   One of the IPs that Toei relies on to carry out this mission is Kamen Rider, known in Indonesia as Ksatria Baja Hitam. In Japan, Kamen Rider, which first aired in 1971, has become a popular series that continues to be updated yearly. There are always new Kamen Riders with new transformation tools (called Henshin Belt), new bikes, new enemies, and other new uniqueness that are sold. Not only in the form of a TV series that airs in many countries but also in the form of a wide-screen film adaptation, besides the various toys and merchandise that fans are always hunting for.   The growing development of digital platforms also opens vast opportunities for this series to have more touch points to a broader market. If previously it was only available on TV screens, now it can be watched on cross-country streaming channels. Whether it was published via Toei’s official YouTube channel or the license was taken by a paid streaming platform that can be accessed worldwide. Of course, guarding the legality of granting cross-country licenses is a challenge. Because the protection of Intellectual Property is territorial, a limited license agreement must be paid close attention to so that it does not leak or fall into the hands of pirates.   Two Kamen Rider movies have screening dates in Indonesian cinemas in the last two months. The first is “Kamen Rider Geats × Revice: Movie Battle Royale”, screened on 31 May 2023, then “Shin Kamen Rider”, which will be screened in the last week of June 2023. These two films have regional licenses held by Neofilms Southeast Asia, and Moxienotion, aka PT Mitra Media Layar Lebar, hold the right in Indonesia.   IP Kamen Rider fans also enthusiastically welcomed the screening of these two films, especially since the screening of Shin Kamen Rider in Indonesia will be one of the earlier than neighboring countries. Shin Kamen Rider itself is a 121-minute remake of the first Kamen Rider series (1971) and was directed by Hideaki Anno, the director, and animator who gave birth to the IP Neon Genesis Evangelion, which became a phenomenon in the mid-90s.   Hopefully, this fan support will be converted into satisfactory ticket sales so that a mutually beneficial relationship between producers, distributors and fans can be maintained for other films in the future. Distributors are happy, fans are satisfied, and producers can meet their global sales targets.   In addition to intensifying the sale of its works globally, Toei is also opening itself up to foreign production houses to adapt its IP to suit the tastes of its audience. The latest project currently airing is “Voltes V: Legacy”, an entirely CGI robot series produced by GMA Entertainment for audiences in the Philippines. Voltes V was originally a robot animation series produced by Toei in 1977-1978, which was very popular in the Philippines because the story inspired the people to overthrow the Marcos regime in 1986. Because the popularity of this series is still immense, the fans who used to be children are now established, and current skills are also trying to bring back the Voltes robot with more sophisticated visual technology.   Toei’s support for the production house from the Philippines is a strategy to increase the value of IP through a cycle: “Creation – Export – Reboot – Reimportation.” From the same IP, the value can continue to grow because the license is purchased by outsiders, becoming new works that can be resold to the…

Patented-Trademark-Registering-Copyright-What-are-the-correct-terms

Patented Trademark? Registering Copyright? What are the correct terms?

Intellectual Property1 Comment

Patents are only one of the Intellectual Property objects recognized by the state as stated in Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patents. However, according to the Indonesian Dictionary, Patent has a general definition as “a right granted by the government to someone for an invention for their own use and to protect it from imitation (piracy),” then misperception has spread widely, including to the media and some officials.   So that the terms “patented a trademark” or “patented [fill in the name of any food here]” are what we usually hear in Indonesia.   In fact, according to Patent Law, a Patent is an inventor’s exclusive right to an invention in the field of technology for a certain period of time to implement it himself or to give approval to another party to carry out his invention. So the emphasis should be on innovation in the field of technology. An invention itself is an inventor’s idea that is translated into a specific problem-solving activity in the field of technology, which can be in the form of a product or process or improvement and development of a product or process.   Furthermore, Patents are granted for inventions that are new, contain an inventive step, and are industrially applicable. While Simple Patents are granted for any new invention, development of an existing product or process, and can be applied in industry. Simple Patents are granted for inventions in the form of products that not only differ in technical characteristics, but must have functions/uses that are more practical than previous inventions due to their shape, configuration, construction, or components which include tools, goods, machines, compositions, formulas, compounds or system. Simple Patents are also granted for inventions in the form of new processes or methods.   Therefore, a Trademark which is a sign that distinguishes one good or service from another, as well as food, is not appropriate to be “patented,” because it does not meet the criteria of the Patent itself.   Trademark is an object in itself in Intellectual Property which is regulated in Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications. While food does not contain technological inventions in it. It is almost certain that in the process of making food, nothing will intersect with technological inventions that contain elements of novelty, are unpredictable, and can be applied in industry.   Another reason food is not right to be patented is the element of secrecy in the manufacturing process, which is of course the uniqueness of the food we make. Because if registered as a Patent, the recipe must be published. This means everyone can use the recipe after the expiration of the Patent protection, 10-20 years later. In other words, we have limitations in obtaining exclusivity for innovation from the food we have.   However, that does not mean that food cannot be protected by Intellectual Property. Food can still be protected by Trademarks and or Trade Secrets. The way to protect it is by registering the food Trademark to the DGIP (Directorate General of Intellectual Property), as stipulated in Article 1 of the Trademark Law, using pictures, names, words, letters, numbers, color arrangements, or a combination of these elements. elements that have discriminatory power.   If we already have a registered Trademark, then we have a strong basis to prevent other people from using the same or substantially the same Trademark in circulation for similar goods/services.   Then there are Trade Secrets which are also the right solution for protecting the food recipes that we have. As defined in Article 1 paragraph (1) of the Trade Secret Law, Trade Secrets are information that is not known by the public in the field of technology and/or business, has economic value because it is useful in business activities, and is kept confidential by the owner of the Trade Secret. The scope of protection for Trade Secrets includes production methods, processing methods, sales methods, or other information in the field of technology and/or business that has economic value and is not known by the general public, including food/beverage recipes, formulas, production processes, client lists or marketing plans.   The unique thing is, to get protection for Trade Secrets, we don’t need to register them to DGIP, but by doing a number of activities must be done and must also be avoided in order to avoid losing this protection. You can read more about Trade Secret protection in our previous article: “Protecting Your Food Recipes: A Step-by-Step Guide.“   Meanwhile, Copyright is an Intellectual Property object that has the broadest scope of protection, because it includes science, art and literature, which also includes computer programs. What’s unique is that the exclusive right to a creation arises automatically based on the declarative principle after a creation is declared or manifested in a tangible form. Therefore, Copyright does not need to be registered to get its protection. However, in order for our creation to have stronger legal protection, where we have legal proof of ownership when a dispute occurs, we need to record them in the DGIP database. The recordation process, which is much simpler than the patent and trademark registration process, can provide copyright owners with a sense of security.   By understanding the different types of Intellectual Property objects, we can differentiate their treatment, as a first step towards obtaining proper protection. So that we no longer use the terms “patented trademark”, “patent of a copyright,” or “registering copyright”. If you need further information regarding Patent registration, Trademark registration, Copyright recordation, or further consultation regarding the drafting of Trade Secret agreements in Indonesia and abroad, please do not hesitate to contact us via [email protected].

亚太区商标法一览：印度尼西亚

亚太区商标法一览：印度尼西亚

Intellectual Property

2016年第20号《商标和地理标志法》（又称《商标法》）是印度尼西亚的主要商标法。此外，印度尼西亚还就具体事项颁布了多项细则，包括： 2019年第28号《关于适用于法律和人权部的非税国家收入的类型和收费标准的政府条例》，规定了印度尼西亚法律和人权部下属知识产权总局（DGIP）各种备案事项的官方收费标准； 2018年第22号《关于根据商标国际注册马德里协定相关议定书办理商标国际注册的政府条例》，规定了在印度尼西亚办理国际注册或者来自印度尼西亚的商标办理国际注册的各方面事项；； 2019年第90号《关于商标上诉委员会的上诉申请、审查与和解程序的政府条例（该委员会于1995年8月29日成立）； 法律和人权部2016年第67号《知识产权总局局长商标注册令条例》，规定了注册要求、商品和服务类别以及已颁发证书和记录的更正等事宜。   商标范围 根据《商标法》第一条的规定，商标是指能够以图形、标志、名称、文字、字母、数字、颜色组合、二维和（或）三维形状、声音、全息图或上述两种要素以上的组合等图形形式表现出来、用以区分个人或法人在商品和（或）服务交易中生产的商品和（或）服务的任何标志。 根据这一定义，法律承认两种类型的商标：传统商标和非传统商标。   申请注册 印度尼西亚《商标法》采用先申请先注册原则，一般来说，任何个人、组织或公司都可以申请商标注册。然而，法律也对恶意注册商标的行为作出了规定。《商标法》第21条规定，申请人恶意提出申请的，应当予以驳回。 在实质审查过程中，如出现与知名商标相似的商标申请，适用本条规定，但在实践中，认定是否属于恶意申请难度很大。 根据《商标法》第77条，恶意商标申请获注册的，可由商事法庭宣告无效，该条规定如下：“商标属恶意申请的，以及（或）违反国家意识形态、法律法规、道德、宗教、风俗和公共秩序的，可以无限期提起无效宣告诉讼。”   提交申请和准备材料 在印度尼西亚提交商标注册申请之前，一定要进行商标查询。查询报告可以确定潜在的危险和障碍，帮助申请人成功完成注册流程。 如果查询报告没有发现任何问题，表明可以继续进行申请程序，申请人要准备好提供以下材料： 申请人姓名或名称 地址 商品和服务清单 拟申请注册的商标图样，可以以文字、标识或非传统标识的形式呈现 必要信息提交完成后，还需由专利律师准备两份供客户签署的文件：委托书和商标所有权声明。 自2019年起，商标注册申请全部转到线上申请。   办理时长 假如未遭到任何异议和临时驳回，那么从提交商标注册申请到获得注册号可能只需要10到13个月。这一时间比过去快得多，过去，即使是简单的注册也耗时两到三年。   异议和无效宣告 商标申请的公告期只有两个月。在公告期内，任何利益相关方都可以提出异议，公告部门将在实质审查阶段对异议予以审查。 公告期满后，不得再提出异议，也不得提出延期申请。 异议成功的关键前提是异议人提出有效的法律原由，即商标已在印度尼西亚提交申请注册或已获注册。否则，审查员很可能以先申请先注册原则为由驳回异议。 商标一旦获注册，第三方只能向商事法庭提起商标无效或商标注销诉讼。   外国著名商标 无论是否为著名商标，只有在印度尼西亚注册的商标才可受到保护。但是，《商标法》有一个机制，可以在一定程度上保护外国著名商标免受其他当事人的恶意注册。 另一方当事人恶意申请注册与外国著名商标相同或相似的商标的，可依《商标法》第21条的规定予以驳回，具体规定如下： “如果商标实质上与其他当事人在类似商品和（或）服务上使用的知名商标相似或相同，或者，在符合一定要求的前提下，与其他当事人在不同商品和（或）服务上使用的知名商标相似或相同，则申请将被驳回。” 于是，接下来的问题便是，什么是知名商标？法律和人权部2016年第67号《知识产权总局局长商标注册令条例》第18条规定了知名商标的认定标准： 该商标作为知名商标在相关业务领域的公众了解或认可程度； 使用该商标的商品和（或）服务的销售量，以及商标所有人使用该商标所获得的收益； 带有该商标的商品和（或）服务在社会流通中所占的市场份额； 该商标的使用地域； 该商标的使用期； 该商标的推广力度，包括为推广商标所投资的金额； 该商标在全球范围的商标申请和注册次数； 商标执法的成功率，尤其是主管部门认可该商标为知名商标的成功率；以及 使用该商标的商品和（或）服务获得的声誉和品质保证赋予商标的价值。 然而，外国著名商标在印度尼西亚并不一定享有同样的知名度。这就产生了一个问题，即商标所有人在对其他人提起诉讼前是否应先在印度尼西尼建立起商标的知名度。   使用要求 由于印度尼西亚采用先申请先注册原则，因此在进行商标注册前无需具有在先使用行为。申请人无需提交使用证据。 如果申请人在其他国家在先提交了另一份申请，申请人可在自优先权日起算的6个月内要求在印度尼西亚享有优先权。 关于不使用注销的规定，依照法律规定，注册商标自注册之日起或自最后一次使用之日起连续三年未使用的，可以向商事法庭申请注销商标。然而，法律并未规定最低使用门槛，因此，不使用注销的实现难度很大。   商标许可 在印度尼西亚，注册商标可以许可给他人使用。许可协议在DGIP备案后方具有法律约束力。 一般来说，许可协议应包含以下内容：许可方和被许可方的详细资料、许可的性质（独家或非独家）、是否可以进行再许可、许可协议条款、各方权利和责任以及被许可的对象或商标。 许可协议不得包含直接或间接损害印度尼西亚经济的条款，亦不得包含阻碍印度尼西亚获得和开发技术的限制性条款。   AFFA Intellectual Property Rights 15/F Graha Pratama Building Jl. MT. Haryono Kav. 15 Jakarta – 12810, Indonesia 电话： +62 21 8379 3812 电子邮件：[email protected] www.affa.co.id

지역별-상표법-비교：인도네시아

지역별 상표법 비교: 인도네시아

Intellectual Property

인도네시아에서는 상표 및 지리적 표시에 관한 법률인 상표법이 국가의 주요 법률로 적용되고 있다. 이 법률은 상표에 관련된 다양한 문제들을 규제하고 있으며, 구체적인 규정들이 몇 가지 조례를 통해 추가로 제정되고 있다. 이러한 조례들은 다음과 같은 문제들을 다루고 있다. 2019 년 정부 규정 제 28 호: 인도네시아 법무부 산하 지식재산권국(DGIP)에 제출할 수 있는 다양한 소송에 대한 공식 수수료에 대한 규정, 인권부에 적용되는 비과세 국가 수입의 유형 및 관세에 관한 정부 규정 관장 2018년 정부 규정 제 22호: 인도네시아 내에서 출원되거나 인도네시아로부터 출원된 국제 등록의 모든 측면을 다루며 국제 상표 등록에 관한 마드리드 협정과 관련된 프로토콜에 따라 상표의 국제 등록 관장 2019년 정부 규정 제90호, 1995년 8월 29일에 설립된 상표 항소 위원회의 항소 신청, 심사 및 해결 절차 관장 2016 년 법무부 인권 규정 제 67 호: 상표 분야의 지적 재산권 사무 총장의 상표 등록령에 관한 내용. 해당 규정은 무엇보다도 등록 요건, 상품 및 서비스 등급, 발행 된 인증서 및 기록 수정 관장   상표의 범위 상표법 제1조에 따르면, 상표는 상품 및/또는 서비스 거래에서 개인 또는 법인이 생산한 상품 및/또는 서비스를 구별하기 위해 그림, 로고, 이름, 단어, 문자, 숫자, 색상 배열, 2차원 및/또는 3차원 모양, 소리, 홀로그램 또는 이러한 요소 중 둘 이상의 조합의 형태로 그래픽으로 표현할 수 있는 모든 기호이다. 이 정의를 감안할 때 법은 전통적 상표와 비전통적 상표의 두 가지 유형의 상표를 인정한다.   등록 신청 상표법은 최초 출원 원칙을 채택하고 있기 때문에 일반적으로 개인, 조직 또는 회사는 상표 등록을 신청할 수 있다. 그러나 이 법은 악의적으로 제출된 상표 등록도 규제한다. 상표법 제21조는 출원인이 악의로 출원한 경우 거절한다고 규정하고 있다. 실제 심사 중에 이 조항을 이행하는 것은 이미 확립된 저명 상표와 유사한 일부 출원에서 필요하기도 하지만, 실제로는 출원이 악의로 제출되었는지 여부를 판단하는 것은 상당히 어렵다. 등록이 확정된 악의적 출원은 상표법 제 77 조에 따라 상업 법원에서 항상 무효화 될 수 있으며, 이는 “악의가 있거나 관련 상표가 국가 이데올로기, 법률 및 규정, 도덕, 종교, 품위 및 공공 질서를 위반하는 경우 무효 소송은 무제한 제기 가능하다.”라고 규정한다.   서류 제출 인도네시아에서 상표 출원을 하고자 하는 모든 사람에게 상표 검색을 강력히 권장한다. 검색 보고서는 성공적인 등록 절차에 대한 잠재적 위험과 걸림돌을 파악하는 데 도움을 준다. 검색 보고서가 신청 절차를 진행하기 위한 모든 명확성을 제공한다고 가정할 때 신청자는 다음을 제공해야 한다. 신청자 이름 주소 상품 및 서비스 목록 출원할 상표의 표현(목판, 로고 또는 비전통적 상표의 형태일 수 있음) 필요한 정보가 제공되면 변리사는 고객이 서명할 두 가지 문서, 즉 위임장과 상표 소유권 진술서를 준비한다. 2019년부터 전자 신고는 인도네시아에서 유일하게 허용되는 제출 방법이다.   타임라인 신청서에 이의 제기 및 잠정 거부가 없다고 가정하면 제출 후 등록 번호를 얻는 데 10~13개월이 소요될 수 있다. 이 간단한 등록에도 2~3년이 걸리던 예전보다 훨씬 빠르다.   반대와 무효화 신청서는 2개월 동안만 게시된다. 공표 기간 동안 이해관계자는 이의신청을 할 수 있으며, 실제 심사 단계에서 심의를 거친다. 공개 기간이 경과하면 연장 요청을 포함하여 이의를 제기할 수 있는 다른 공식적인 수단이 없다. 이의신청이 성공적으로 진행되려면 이의신청인이 유효한 법적 지위, 즉 인도네시아에서 이전에 상표를 출원하거나 등록한 적이 있는 것이 좋다. 그렇지 않으면 심사관이 최초 제출 원칙을 인용하여 이의신청을 기각할 가능성이 높다. 상업 법원에 제출해야 하는 제3자가 시작한 무효화 및 취소는 해당 상표가 등록된 후에만 가능하다.   유명한 외국 상표 상표는 명성에 관계없이 인도네시아에 등록된 경우에만 보호될 수 있다. 그러나 상표법은 다른 당사자의 악의적인 등록으로부터 유명한 외국 상표를 어느 정도 보호하는 메커니즘을 가지고 있다. 다른 당사자가 유명 외국 상표와 동일하거나 유사한 상표를 악의적으로 출원하려고 시도하는 경우, 그러한 출원은 상표법 제 21 조에 근거하여 거부된다. “상표가 유사한 상품 및/또는 서비스에 대한 다른 당사자의 저명 상표 또는 특정 요구 사항을 준수하는 다른 상품 및/또는 서비스에 대한 다른 당사자의 저명 상표와 실질적으로 유사하거나 동일한 경우 출원이 거부된다.” 그러면 문제는 유명한 상표의 구성 요소로 옮겨 간다. 2016 년 법무부 인권부 규정 제 67 호 제 18 조는 상표 부문에서 지적재산권 사무총장의 상표 등록령에 대한 것으로 상표의 저명성 기준을 제시했다. 저명 상표와 관련된 비즈니스 분야의 상표에 대한 지식 수준 또는 대중의 인지도 상품 및/또는 서비스의 판매량 및 소유자의 상표 사용에서 파생된 혜택 지역 사회에서 상품 및/또는 서비스의 유통과 관련하여 상표에 대한 시장 점유율 상표의 사용 영역 상표의 사용 기간 판촉에 사용된 투자 가치를 포함하는 상표의 판촉 강도 전 세계 상표 출원 및 등록 건수 법 이행률, 특히 공인된 기관에서 상표를 저명 상표로 인정하는 것과 관련된 성공률 상표로 보호되는 상품 및/또는 서비스의 명성과 품질 보증으로 인한 상표의 가치 평가. 그러나 해외에서 유명한 상표가 항상 인도네시아에서 같은 수준의 명성을 갖는 것은 아니다. 이는 상표권자가 다른 당사자에 대해 조치를 취하기 전에 인도네시아에서도 명성을 쌓아야 하는지 여부에 대한 문제를 제기한다.   사용 요구 사항 인도네시아는 최초 제출 원칙을 채택하고 있기 때문에 등록 전에 사전 사용을 주장할 필요가 없다. 사용 증빙 자료는 제출할 필요가 없다. 신청자가 다른 국가에서 더 일찍 다른 신청서를 제출한 경우, 신청자는 우선일로부터 6개월 이내에 인도네시아에서 우선권을 주장할 수 있다. 미사용과 관련하여, 등록상표가 등록일 또는 마지막 사용일로부터 3년 연속으로 사용되지 않은 경우 법률에 따라 상업법원에서 상표를 취소할 수 있다. 그러나 법은 최소 사용 기준을 규정하지 않으므로 일반적으로 미사용 취소는 매우 어렵다.   라이선스 등록된 상표는 인도네시아의 다른 당사자에게 라이선스를 부여할 수 있다. 계약이 구속력 있는 법적 효력을 가지려면 DGIP에 기록되어야 한다. 일반적으로 라이선스 계약에는 라이선스 제공자와 라이선스 사용자의 세부 정보, 라이선스의 성격(독점적 또는 비독점적), 서브 라이선스 부여 여부, 라이선스 계약 조건, 당사자의 권리 및 책임, 라이선스를 부여할 대상 또는 상표가 포함되어야 한다. 라이선스 계약에는 인도네시아 경제에 직간접적으로 피해를 주는 조항이나 인도네시아의 기술 획득 및 개발 능력을 방해하는 제한이 포함되어서는 안 된다.   AFFA Intellectual Property Rights 15/F Graha Pratama Building Jl. MT. Haryono Kav. 15 Jakarta – 12810, Indonesia 전화： +62 21 8379 3812 이메일：[email protected] www.affa.co.id